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RT Medical Terminology > Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define: Antibody

A

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen.

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2
Q

Define: Antigen

A

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual.

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3
Q

Define: Bile Pigment

A

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver.

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4
Q

Define: Cytokine

A

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells.

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5
Q

Define: dendritic cell

A

Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system.

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6
Q

Define: Immunocompetent

A

Processing the ability to develop an immune response.

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7
Q

Define: Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumour cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out.

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8
Q

What are the 2 differentiations of white blood cells?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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10
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • First cell to arrive at a site of injury
  • Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis
  • Dies as a result of phagocytosis
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11
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A
  • Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations)
  • Controls mechanisms associated with allergies
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12
Q

What do basophils do?

A
  • Initiates inflammation
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13
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
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14
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Provides acquired (specific) immunity.

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15
Q

What do monocytes do?

A
  • Performs mildly phagocytic function
  • Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity
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16
Q

What do B cells do?

A
  • Function in humoral immunity
  • Originate and mature in bone marrow
  • Protect against extracellular antigens
  • Respond to stimulation by a compatible T cell and begin producing plasma cells
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17
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Create highly specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming unique molecules called (antigen-antibody complexes) that lead to the destruction of the antigen by the immune system.

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18
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A
  • Retreat to lymphatic system and remain prepared to repeat the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the same antigen
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19
Q

What do T-Cells do?

A
  • Function in cellular immunity
  • Originate in bone marrow and mature in lymphatic system
  • Protect against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
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20
Q

What do Cytoxic T cells and Helper T cells do? (CD8 and CD4)?

A
  • Determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it
  • Provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity
  • Produce cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system
  • Require a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system
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21
Q

What do suppressor T cells and Memory T cells do?

A

Monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves

  • Migrate to lymphatic system and remain prepared for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear
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22
Q

What is the element word for gland?

A

aden/o

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23
Q

What is the element word for clumping/gluing?

A

agglutin/o

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24
Q

What is the element word for embryonic cell?

A

blast/o

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25
Q

What is the element word for colour?

A

chrom/o

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26
Q

What is the element word for granule?

A

granul/o

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27
Q

What is the element word for white?

A

Leuk/o

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28
Q

What is the element word for lymph?

A

Lymph/o

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29
Q

What is the element word for lymph gland (node)?

A

Lymphaden/o

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30
Q

What is the element word for lymph vessel?

A

lymphangi/o

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31
Q

What is the element word for form/shape/structure?

A

morph/o

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32
Q

What is the element word for bone marrow?

A

myel/o

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33
Q

what is the element word for varied/irregular?

A

poikil/o

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34
Q

What is the element word for serum?

A

ser/o

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35
Q

What is the element word for iron?

A

sider/o

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36
Q

what is the element word for blood clot?

A

thromb/o

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37
Q

What is the element word for thymus gland?

A

thym/o

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38
Q

What is the suffix for embryonic cell?

A

-blast

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39
Q

What is the suffix for protein?

A

-globin

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40
Q

What is the suffix for decrease/deficiency?

A

-penia

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41
Q

What is the suffix for attraction for?

A

-phil

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42
Q

What is the suffix word for protection?

A

-phylaxis

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43
Q

what is the suffix for formation/production?

A

-poiesis

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44
Q

What is the suffix word for standing still?

A

-stasis

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45
Q

What is the prefix word for unequal/dissimilar?

A

aniso-

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46
Q

Describe: Aplastic Anemia

A

Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

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47
Q

What causes aplastic anemia?

A

some autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents

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48
Q

Describe: Folic-acid deficiency anemia

A

Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis.

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49
Q

What is folic-acid deficiency anemia caused by?

A

insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements

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50
Q

Describe: Hemolytic Anemia

A

Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice.

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51
Q

What causes hemolytic anemia?

A

Associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions.

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52
Q

Describe: Iron-Deficiency anemia

A

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs.

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53
Q

What is the cause of iron-deficiency anemia?

A

Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron.

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54
Q

Describe: Pernicious Anemia (PA)

A

Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development.

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55
Q

What causes PA?

A

Commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12.

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56
Q

Describe: Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low.

57
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

A defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis.

58
Q

Define: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

Infectious disease caused the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opportunistic infections.

59
Q

Define: Coagulation Disorders

A

Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding.

60
Q

Define: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs.

61
Q

Define: Hemophilia

A

Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding.

62
Q

Define: Thrombocytopenia

A

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver.

63
Q

Define: Graft Rejection

A

Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it.

64
Q

Define: Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)

A

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severely enough to cause death.

65
Q

Define: Hemoglobinopathy

A

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule.

66
Q

Define: Hemoglobinopathy

A

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule.

67
Q

Define: Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits.

68
Q

Define: Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)

A

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement.

69
Q

Define: Lymphedema

A

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels.

70
Q

Define: Lymphoma

A

Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue.

71
Q

Define: Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL)

A

Malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow.

72
Q

Define: non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A

Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells.

73
Q

Define: Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue.

74
Q

Define: Sepsis

A

The presence of bacteria or other toxins in the blood.

75
Q

Define: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation.

76
Q

Define: Thrombocythemia

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations.

77
Q

What is an antinuclear antibody test? (ANA)

A

Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells.

78
Q

What is the blood culture test?

A

A test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream.

79
Q

What is the complete blood count (CBC)?

A

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential count.

80
Q

What is monospot?

A

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis.

81
Q

What is partial thromboplastim time (PTT)?

A

Screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot.

82
Q

What is the prothrombin time (PT) test?

A

Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders.

83
Q

Define: Bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging

A

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

84
Q

Define: Lymphangiography

A

Visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system.

85
Q

Define: Lymphoscintigraphy

A

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node.

86
Q

Describe Bone Marrow Aspiration

A

Removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle.

87
Q

Describe Bone Marrow Transplant

A

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers.

88
Q

Describe lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer.

89
Q

Describe sentinel node excision.

A

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells.

90
Q

Define: Immunotherapy

A

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases.

91
Q

Define: Immunoglobulin (IG) therapy

A

Treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes.

92
Q

Define: Plasmapheresis

A

Dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor.

93
Q

Define: Transfusion

A

Infusion of blood or blood from one person (donor) to another (recipient).

94
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis.

95
Q

What are the generic names for anticoagulants?

A
  1. Heparin
  2. Warfarin
  3. Dabigatran
96
Q

What do antifibrinolytics do?

A

Neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots.

97
Q

What is the generic name for antifibrinolytics?

A

Aminocaproic Acid

98
Q

What do antimicrobials do?

A

Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle.

99
Q

What are the generic names for antimicrobials?

A
  1. Trimethoprim
  2. Sulfamethoxazole
  3. Metronidazole
100
Q

What do antiretrovirals do?

A

Prevent replication of viruses within host cells.

101
Q

What are the generic names of antiretrovirals?

A
  1. Nefinavir
  2. Lamivudine
  3. Zidovudine
102
Q

What do immunosuppressants do?

A

Decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response.

103
Q

What are the generic names for immunosuppressants?

A
  1. Prednisone
  2. Cyclosporine
  3. Mychophenolate Mofetil
104
Q

What do thrombolytics do?

A

Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands.

105
Q

What are the generic names for thrombolytics?

A
  1. Alteplase
  2. Streptokinase
106
Q

AB, Ab, ab

A
  1. Antibody
  2. Abortion
107
Q

A, B, AB, O

A

Blood types in ABO blood group.

108
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

109
Q

ANA

A

Antinuclear antibody

110
Q

APC

A

Antigen-presenting cell

111
Q

APTT

A

Activated Partial Thromboplastim Time

112
Q

BMT

A

Bone Marrow Transplant

113
Q

CBC

A

Complete Blood Count

114
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

115
Q

diff

A

differential count (white blood cells)

116
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis

117
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

118
Q

GVHD

A

Graft-Versus-Host disease

119
Q

Hb, Hgb

A

Hemoglobin

120
Q

HHV-8

A

Human Herpes Virus 8

121
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

122
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

123
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

124
Q

IVIG

A

Intravenous Immunoglobulin

125
Q

KS

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

126
Q

MNL

A

Mononuclear Leukocytes

127
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

128
Q

NHL

A

non-hodgkin lymphoma

129
Q

NK cell

A

natural killer cell

130
Q

PA

A

Pernicious Anemia

131
Q

PCP

A
  1. Pneumocytosis pneumonia
  2. Primary Care Physician
132
Q

PMN

A

Polymorphonuclear

133
Q

PMNL, poly

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

134
Q

PT

A
  1. Prothrombin Time
  2. Physical Therapy
135
Q

PTT

A

Partial Thromboplastin Time

136
Q

RA

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
137
Q

RBC, rbc

A

Red blood cell

138
Q

SLE

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

139
Q

WBC, wbc

A

White blood cell

RT Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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