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RT Medical Terminology > Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define: Leaflets

A

Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood.

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2
Q

Define: Lumen

A

Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

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3
Q

Define: Regurgitation

A

Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

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4
Q

Define: Sphincters

A

Circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening.

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5
Q

Define: Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes.

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6
Q

Define: Vasodilation

A

Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls.

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7
Q

Define: Viscosity

A

Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing.

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8
Q

What is the element word for aneurysm (Widened blood Vessel)?

A

aneurysm/o

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9
Q

What are the element words for vessel (blood or lymph)? (2)

A
  1. Angi/o
  2. Vascul/o
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10
Q

What is the element word for aorta?

A

Aort/o

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11
Q

What is the element word for artery?

A

Arteri/o

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12
Q

What is the element word for arteriole?

A

Arteriol/o

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13
Q

What is the element word for atrium?

A

Atri/o

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14
Q

What is the element word for fatty plaque?

A

Ather/o

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15
Q

What are the element words for heart? (2)

A
  1. Cardi/o
  2. Coron/o
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16
Q

What is the element word for electricity?

A

Electr/o

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17
Q

What is the element word for embolus?

A

Embol/o

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18
Q

What is the element word for blood vessel?

A

Hemangi/o

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19
Q

What is the element word for muscle?

A

my/o

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20
Q

What are the element words for vein? (2)

A
  1. Phleb/o
  2. Ven/o
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21
Q

What is the element word for hardening; sclera (white of eye)?

A

Scler/o

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22
Q

What is the element word for septum?

A

Sept/o

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23
Q

What is the element word for pulse?

A

sphygm/o

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24
Q

What is the element word for narrowing, stricture?

A

Sten/o

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25
Q

What is the element word for blood clot?

A

Thromb/o

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26
Q

What are the 2 element words for valve?

A
  1. Valv/o
  2. Valvul/o
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27
Q

What is the element word for ventricle (of heart or brain)?

A

Ventricul/o

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28
Q

What is the suffix word for heart condition?

A

-cardia

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29
Q

What is the suffix word for narrowing, structure?

A

-stenosis

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30
Q

What is the prefix word for slow?

A

brady-

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31
Q

What is the prefix word for in/within?

A

Endo-

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32
Q

What is the prefix word for outside?

A

extra-

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33
Q

What is the prefix word for around?

A

Peri-

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34
Q

What is the prefix word for across?

A

trans-

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35
Q

Define: Aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

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36
Q

Define: Angina

A

Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium.

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37
Q

Define: Arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart

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38
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult.

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39
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles.

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40
Q

What is heart block?

A

Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers.

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41
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute.

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42
Q

Define: Bruit

A

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both.

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43
Q

Define: Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function.

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44
Q

Define: Coarctation

A

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta.

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45
Q

Define: Embolism

A

Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations.

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46
Q

Define: Heart Failure (HF).

A

Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body.

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47
Q

Define: Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids (Cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood.

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48
Q

Define: Hypertension (HTN)

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

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49
Q

Define: Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg.

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50
Q

Define: Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

A

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood.

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51
Q

Define: Palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter.

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52
Q

Define: Peripheral Artery Disease

A

Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis.

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53
Q

Define: Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs).

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54
Q

Define: Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

A

Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve.

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55
Q

Define: Syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain.

  • AKA Fainting
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56
Q

Define: Thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation.

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57
Q

Define: Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs.

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58
Q

What is a normal blood pressure level?

A

Systolic: <120 mm Hg
Diastolic: <80 mm Hg

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59
Q

What are Prehypertension blood pressure levels?

A

Systolic: 120-139 mm Hg
Diastolic: 80-89 mm Hg

60
Q

What are blood pressure levels for Stage 1 hypertension?

A

Systolic: 140-159 mm Hg
Diastolic: 90-99 mm Hg

61
Q

What are the blood pressure levels for Stage 2 hypertension?

A

Systolic: 160 mm Hg or higher
Diastolic: 100 mm Hg or higher

62
Q

What is electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)?

A

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs.

63
Q

What is the holter monitor test?

A

Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period.

64
Q

What is a stress test?

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill).

65
Q

What are cardiac biomarkers?

A

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress.

66
Q

What is a lipid panel?

A

Series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease (Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, etc).

67
Q

Define: Angiography

A

Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium.

68
Q

Define: Aortography

A

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium.

69
Q

Define: Coronary angiography

A

Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

70
Q

Define: Doppler ultrasonography

A

Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells.

71
Q

Define: Carotid Artery Ultrasonography

A

Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries.

72
Q

Define: Echocardiography

A

Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output.

73
Q

Define: Myocardiap Perfusion Imaging (MPI)

A

A Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise.

74
Q

Define: Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

A

Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography).

75
Q

Define: Cardiac MRI

A

Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium.

76
Q

Define: Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

A

Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels.

77
Q

DefineL Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction).

78
Q

Define: Cardiac Catheterization (CC)

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart.

79
Q

Define: Electrophysiology Study (EPS)

A

Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart.

80
Q

Define: Angioplasty

A

Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow.

81
Q

Define: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow.

82
Q

Define: Cardiac Ablation

A

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia.

83
Q

Define: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle.

84
Q

Define: Implantable Cardioverter-Defribrillator (ICD)

A

Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest.

85
Q

Define: Open Heart Surgery

A

Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries.

86
Q

Define: Pacemaker Insertion

A

Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm.

87
Q

Define: defibrillation

A

Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart.

88
Q

Define: Cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern.

89
Q

What do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do?

A

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor).

90
Q

What are the generic names for ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. Benazepril
  2. Lisinopril
91
Q

What do angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) do?

A

Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction.

92
Q

What are the generic names for ARBs?

A
  1. Losartan
  2. Valsartan
93
Q

What do antiarrhythmics do?

A

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart.

94
Q

What are the generic names for antiarrhythmics?

A
  1. Amidarone
  2. Digoxin
95
Q

What do antiarrhythmics do?

A

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart.

96
Q

What are the generic names for antiarrhythmics?

A
  1. Aniodarones
  2. Digoxins
97
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Inhibit the body’s natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels.

98
Q

What are the generic names for anticoagulants?

A
  1. Warfarin
  2. Dabigatran
99
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate.

100
Q

What are the generic names for beta blockers?

A
  1. Atenolol
  2. Metoprolol
101
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A

Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease.

102
Q

What are the generic names of calcium channel blockers?

A
  1. Amlopidine
  2. Diltazem
  3. Nifedipine
103
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium.

104
Q

What are the generic names for diuretics?

A
  1. Furosemide
  2. Hydrochlorothiazide
105
Q

What do nitrates do?

A

Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart.

106
Q

What are the generic names for nitrates?

A
  1. Nitroglycerin
  2. isosorbide mononitrate
107
Q

What do statins do?

A

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it.

108
Q

What are the generic names for statins?

A
  1. Atorvastatin
  2. Simvastatin
  3. ezetimibe
109
Q

AAA

A

Abdominal Aortic AneurysmA

110
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

111
Q

AED

A

Automated External Defibrillator

112
Q

AICD

A

Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator

113
Q

ARB

A

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

114
Q

AV

A
  1. Atrioventricular
  2. Arteriovenous
115
Q

BP, B/P

A

Blood Pressure

116
Q

CA

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Cardiac Arrest
  3. Chronological Age
117
Q

CABG

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

118
Q

CAD

A

Coronary Artery Disease

119
Q

CC

A

Cardiac Catheterization

120
Q

CK

A
  1. Creatine Kinase
  2. Conductive Keratoplasty
121
Q

CV

A

Cardiovascular

122
Q

DVT

A
  1. Deep vein thrombosis
  2. Deep Venous Thrombosis
123
Q

ECG, EKG

A

Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiography

124
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

125
Q

EPS

A

Electrophysiology Studies

126
Q

HF

A

Heart Failure

127
Q

Hg

A

Mercury

128
Q

HTN

A

Hypertension

129
Q

ICD

A

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

130
Q

LA

A

Left atrium

131
Q

LV

A

Left ventricle

132
Q

MI

A

Myocardial Infraction

133
Q

MPI

A

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

134
Q

MRA

A
  1. Magnetic Resonance Angiogram
  2. Magnetic Resonance Angiography
135
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

136
Q

MUGA Scan

A

Multiple-Gated Acquisition Scan

137
Q

MVP

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

138
Q

PAD

A

Peripheral Artery Disease

139
Q

PTCA

A

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

140
Q

RA

A

Right atrium

141
Q

RHD

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

142
Q

RV

A
  1. Residual Volume
  2. Right Ventricle
143
Q

SA, S-A

A

Sinoatrial

144
Q

SPECT

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

145
Q

US

A

Ultrasound

RT Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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