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RT Medical Terminology > Chapter 6: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces.

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2
Q

Define: Bolus

A

The mass of masticated food ready for swallowing.

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3
Q

What is an exocrine gland?
Crine - secrete

A

Type of gland that secretes its products via excretory ducts to surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel.

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4
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

A circular band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body.

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5
Q

What are tryglicerides?

A

Organic compounds made of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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7
Q

What are the 2 combining forms for mouth?

A
  1. Or/o
  2. Stomat/o
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8
Q

What are the 2 combining forms for tongue?

A
  1. Gloss/o
  2. Lingu/o
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9
Q

What is the combining form for cheek?

A

bucc/o

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10
Q

What are the 2 combining forms for lip?

A
  1. Cheil/o
  2. Labi/o
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11
Q

What are the 2 combining forms for teeth?

A
  1. Dent/o
  2. Odont/o
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12
Q

What is the combining form for gum(s)?

A

Gingiv/o

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13
Q

What is the combining term for saliva/salivary gland?

A

Sial/o

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14
Q

What is the combining term for esophagus?

A

Esophag/o

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15
Q

What is the combining term for pharynx (throat)?

A

Pharyng/o

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16
Q

What is the combining term for stomach?

A

Gastr/o

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17
Q

What is the combining term for pylorus?

A

Pylor/o

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18
Q

What is the combining term for duodenum (small intestine 1st part)?

A

Duoden/o

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19
Q

What is the combining term for intestine?

A

Enter/o

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20
Q

What is the combining term for jejunum? (small intestine second part)

A

jejun/o

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21
Q

What is the combining term for the ileum (3rd part of small intestine)?

A

Ile/o

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22
Q

What are the 2 combining terms for appendix?

A
  1. Append/o
  2. Appendic/o
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23
Q

what are the 2 combining terms for colon?

A
  1. Col/o
  2. Colon/o
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24
Q

What is the combining term for sigmoid colon?

A

Sigmoid/o

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25
Q

what are the 2 combining terms for rectum?

A
  1. rect/o
  2. proct/o
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26
Q

What is the combining term for anus?

A

an/o

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27
Q

What is the combining term for liver?

A

hepat/o

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28
Q

What is the combining term for bile vessel?

A

cholangi/o

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29
Q

What is the combining term for bile, gall?

A

chol/e

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30
Q

What is the combining term for gallbladder?

A

cholecyst/o

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31
Q

What is the term for bile duct?

A

Choledoch/o

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32
Q

What is the suffix for vomit?

A

-emesis
Ex: Hyperemesis (Excessive vomit)

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33
Q

What is the suffix for abnormal condition (produced by something specified)?

A

-iasis
Ex: Cholelithiasis (abnormality with stone in the bile duct)

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34
Q

What is the suffix for enlargement?

A

-megaly
Ex: Hepatomegaly (Enlargement of the liver)

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35
Q

What is the suffix for appetite?

A

-Orexia
Ex: Anorexia (No appetite)

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36
Q

What is the suffix for digestion?

A

-Pepsia
Ex: Dyspepsia (bad digestion)

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37
Q

What is the suffix for swallowing/eating?

A

-Phagia
Ex: Aerophagia

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38
Q

What is the suffix for meal?

A

-prandial
Ex: postprandial (after meal)

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39
Q

What is the suffix for discharge/flow?

A

-rrhea
Ex: diarrhea (flow of loose bowel)

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40
Q

What is the prefix for through/across?

A

dia-
Ex: Diarrhea

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41
Q

What is the prefix for around?

A

Peri-
Ex: Periodontitis (Inflammation around the tooth)

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42
Q

What is the prefix for under or below?

A

Sub
Ex: Sublingual (pertaining to below the tongue)

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43
Q

Define: anorexia

A

Lack of appetite, resulting in inability to eat.

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44
Q

Define: appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

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45
Q

Define: Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity.

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46
Q

Define: borborygmus

A

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through liquid contents of intestine

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47
Q

Define: cachexia

A

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass. Associated with aids and cancer.

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48
Q

Define: Cirrhosis

A

Scarring and dysfunction of liver caused by chronic liver disease.

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49
Q

Define: Crohn Disease

A

Form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of ileum but possibly affecting any portion of intestinal tract.

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50
Q

Define: Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestine, that may be caused by ingesting water or food with chemical irritants, bacteria, etc. Results in bloody diarrhea.

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51
Q

Define: Flatus

A

Gas in the GI tract, expelling of air from body orifice

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52
Q

Define: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Back flow of gastric contents into esophagus as a result of a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus.

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53
Q

Define: Halitosis

A

Foul smelling breath

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54
Q

Define: Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus.

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55
Q

Define: Hemorrhoids

A

Swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal.

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56
Q

Define: Intestinal obstruction

A

Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine can’t move forward through intestinal tract because of partial or complete bowel blockage.

57
Q

Define: Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined.

58
Q

Define: Malabsorption Syndrome

A

Complex of small intestine characterized by impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph.

59
Q

Define: Melena

A

Dark, tarlike feces that contains digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach.

60
Q

Define: Obesity

A

Excess accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards (usually increase of 20% or more of ideal body weight)

61
Q

Define: obstipation

A

Severe constipation, which may be caused by intestinal obstruction.

62
Q

Define: Oral Leukoplakia

A

Forming of white spots or patches on mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek.

63
Q

Define: Pyloric Stenosis

A

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine.

64
Q

Define: Regurgitation

A

A backwards flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach.

65
Q

Define: Ulcerative Colitis

A

Chronic Inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upwards into the entire colon.

66
Q

Describe the procedure: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

A

Visual exam of gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors.

67
Q

Define: Hepatitis Panel

A

Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus (HAV, HBV, or HCV) that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens.

68
Q

Define: Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

A

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract.

69
Q

Define: Serum Bilirubin

A

The measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood.D

70
Q

Define: Stool Culture

A

A test used to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection.

71
Q

Define: Stool guaiac

A

A test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect presence of hidden blood in feces.

72
Q

Define: Computed Tomography (CT) scan

A

Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles.

73
Q

Define: Lower Gastrointestinal Series

A

Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum.

74
Q

Define: Oral Cholecystography

A

The radiographic images taken out of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in form of a tablet.

75
Q

Define: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan

A

A technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanner, cross-sectional views of soft tissues.

76
Q

Define: Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A

A special MRi technique that produces detained images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct.

77
Q

Define Ultrasonography (US)

A

Test in which high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure.

78
Q

Define: Abdominal US

A

Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

79
Q

Define: endoscopic US

A

Combo of endoscopy and ultrasound that examines and obtains images of digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs.

80
Q

Define: Upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)

A

Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium.

81
Q

Define: Anastomosis

A

Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another.

82
Q

Define: Ileorectal

A

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as it sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

83
Q

Define: Intestinal Anastomosis

A

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines.

84
Q

Define: Appendectomy

A

Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure.

85
Q

Define: Open Appendectomy

A

Excision of a diseased appendix through a 2 to 3 inch incision in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

86
Q

Define: Laparoscopic Appendectomy

A

Minimally invasive appendectomy using 3 small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor.

87
Q

Define: Bariatric Surgery

A

Group of procedures that treat obesity, and the resultant health problems.

88
Q

Define: Vertical banded gastroplasty

A

Bariatric surgery involving vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness.

89
Q

Define: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

A

Bariatric surgery involving stapling the stomach to decrease its size, and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats.

90
Q

Define: Colostomy

A

Surgical procedure where a surgeon forms a stoma (opening) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place.

91
Q

Define: Lithotripsy

A

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves.

92
Q

DefineL Extracorporeal shock-wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts.

93
Q

Define: Paracentesis

A

Procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly.

94
Q

Define: Polypectomy

A

Excision of a polyp.

95
Q

Define: Nasogastric Intubation

A

Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for lab analysis.

96
Q

What do Antacids do?

A

Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach.

97
Q

What are the generic names of antacids?

A
  1. Calcium Carbonate
  2. Aluminum Hydroxide
  3. Magnesium Hydroxide
98
Q

What do antiemetics do?

A

Control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting centre of the brain.

99
Q

What are the generic names of antiemetics?

A
  1. Prochlorperazine
  2. Ondansetron
100
Q

What do antidiarrheals do?

A

Control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract.

101
Q

What are the generic names of antidiarrheals?

A
  1. Loperamide
  2. Kaolin/pectin
102
Q

What do antispasmodics do?

A

Decrease gastrointestinal spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility throughout the GI tract.

103
Q

What are the generic names for antispasmodics?

A
  1. Glycopyrrolate
  2. Dicyclomine
104
Q

What do histamine-2 (H2) blockers do?

A

Inhibit secretion of stomach acid from gastric cells by blocking the H2 receptor.

105
Q

What are the generic names for histamine-2 blockers?

A
  1. Ranitidine
  2. Famotidine
106
Q

What do laxatives do?

A

They treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation.

107
Q

What are the generic names for laxatives?

A
  1. Senna/sennosides
  2. Psyllium
108
Q

What do proton pump inhibitors do?

A

Suppress basal and stimulated acid production by inhibiting acid pump in the gastric cells.

109
Q

What are the generic names for proton pump inhibitors?

A
  1. Omeprazole
  2. Esomeprazole
110
Q

ABBREVIATIONS AND MEANINGS FOR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

FLIP TO NEXT CARD

111
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

112
Q

Ba

A

Barium

113
Q

BaE, BE

A

Barium Enema

114
Q

BM

A

Bowel Movement

115
Q

BMI

A

Body Mass Index

116
Q

CT

A

Computed Tomography

117
Q
A
118
Q

EGD

A

EsophoGastroDuodenumoscopy

119
Q

ESWL

A

Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy

120
Q

EUS

A

Endoplasmic Ultrasonography (x-ray studies)

121
Q

GBS

A

Gallbladder Series

122
Q

GER

A

Gastroesophageal reflex

123
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

124
Q

OCG

A

Oral Cholecystrography

125
Q

PE (3 of them)

A
  1. Physical Examination
  2. Pulmonary Embolism
  3. Pressure-Equalizing (tube)
126
Q

PUD

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

127
Q

R/O

A

Rule Out

128
Q

GI

A

GastroIntestinal

129
Q

HAV, HBC, HVC, HDV, HEV

A
  1. Hepatitis A Virus
  2. Hepatitis B Virus
  3. Hepatitis C Virus
  4. Hepatitis D Virus
  5. Hepatitis E Virus
130
Q

IBS

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

131
Q

LFT

A

Liver Function Test

132
Q

LUQ

A

Left Upper Quadrant

133
Q

MRCP

A

Magnetic Resonance CholangioPancreatography

134
Q

NG

A

NasoGastric

135
Q

NSAID

A

NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

136
Q

RGB

A

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

137
Q

RUQ

A

Right Upper Quadrant

138
Q

UGIS

A

Upper Gastrointestinal Series

139
Q

US (2 of the)

A
  1. Ultrasound
  2. Ultrasonography

RT Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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