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RT Medical Terminology > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define: androgen

A

Generic term for an agent (usually hormone like testosterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics.

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2
Q

Define: Ductule

A

Very small duct

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3
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium of internal environment despite changes in external environment.

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4
Q

Define: Synthesize

A

Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements.

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis (Outermost)
  2. Stratum Corneum (Mid)
  3. Basal Layer
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6
Q

What are 2 important glands in the dermis that produce secretion?

A
  1. The sweat gland (Sudoriferous)
  2. Sebaceous (Oil) glands.
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7
Q

What are the 3 element words meaning fat?

A
  1. Adip/o
  2. Lip/o
  3. Steat/o
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8
Q

What are the 3 element words meaning skin?

A
  1. Cutane/o
  2. Dermat/o
  3. Derm/o
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9
Q

What are the 2 key element words for sweat?

A
  1. Hidr/o
  2. Sudor/o
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10
Q

What does “ichthy/o” stand for?

A

Dry, scaly.

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11
Q

What does “kerat/o” stand for?

A

horny (hard) tissue, cornea.

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12
Q

What does “melano” mean?

A

Black, describing colour of something.

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13
Q

What does “myc/o” mean?

A

Fungus (or fungi)

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14
Q

What does “onych/o” and “ungu/o” mean?

A

Nail

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15
Q

What are the 2 words for hair?

A
  1. Pil/o
  2. Trich/o
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16
Q

What does “scler/o” mean?

A

Hardening ; sclera (white of eye)

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17
Q

What does “seb/o” mean?

A

Sebum, Sebaceous

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18
Q

What does “squam/o” mean?

A

Scale

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19
Q

What does “xen/o” mean?

A

Foreign, strange

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20
Q

What does “xer/o” mean?

A

Dry

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21
Q

What does “-cyte” mean?

A

Cell

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22
Q

What does “-derma” mean?

A

Skin

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23
Q

What does “epi-“ mean?

A

Above or upon.

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24
Q

Give the tumour characteristics of Grade 1 cells.

A
  • Tumour cells well differentiated.
  • Close resemblance to tissue origin.
  • Retain some specialized function(s).
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25
Q

Give the characteristics of grade 2 tumour cells.

A
  • Moderately or poorly differentiated.
  • Less resemblance to tissue of origin.
  • More variation in size and shape of tumour cells.
  • Increased Mitosis.
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26
Q

Give characteristics of grade 3 tumour cells.

A
  • Increased abnormality in appearance, very slight resemblance to tissue of origin.
  • Marked variation in shape and size of tumour cells.
  • Greatly increased mitoses.
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27
Q

Give characteristics of grade 4 tumour cells.

A
  • Very poorly differentiated.
  • Abnormal appearance to extent that recognition of tumour’s tissue origin is difficult.
  • Extreme variation in size and shape of tumour cells.
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28
Q

What is the system used for staging tumours?

A

TNM System (Tumour, node, metastasis).

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29
Q

What are the 3 basic criteria of the TNM system?

A

T - Size and invasiveness of primary tumour.

N - Area lymph nodes involved

M - Invasiveness (Metastasis) of primary tumour.

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30
Q

For the T, what are the 3 stage 1 designations?

A

TX - Primary tumour can’t be evaluated.

T0 - No evidence of tumour.

Tis - Stage 1: Tumour is in defined location, shows no invasion into surrounding tissues.

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31
Q

What are the stage 2 designations for T?

A

T1, T2, T3, T4.

  • Primary tumour size and extent of local invasion.
  • T1 = minimal invasion
  • T4 = large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues.
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32
Q

For the N, what are the 3 designations?

A

NX
N0
N1, N2, N3, N4

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33
Q

What is the tissue involvement for NX and N0?

A

NX: Regional lymph nodes that can’t be evaluated.

N0: Regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities.

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34
Q

What is the tissue involvement for N1, N2, N3, N4?

A

Stage 3

  • Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes.
  • N1 = minimal spreading, N4 is intensive spreading.
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35
Q

For M, what are the 3 stages involved?

A

MX
M0
M1

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36
Q

What are the descriptions for MX, M0, M1?

A

MX - Distant metastasis that can’t be evaluated.

M0 - No evidence of metastasis.

M1: Presence of metastasis.

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37
Q

What is abscess?

A

Collection of pus at site of an infection.

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38
Q

What is alopecia?

A

Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, endocrine disorder, or skin disease. (AKA Baldness)

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39
Q

What is Bowen Disease?

A

Early form of skin cancer, easily curable and characterized by red patch on the skin.

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40
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

Widespread, acute infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue.

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41
Q

What is chloasma?

A

Skin discolouration occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots.

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42
Q

What is comedo?

A

Small skin lesion of acne caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum.

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43
Q

What is decubitus ulcer?

A

Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in 1 position that prevents blood flow to the tissues.

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44
Q

What is ecchymosis?

A

Discolouration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colours changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow.

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45
Q

What is eczema?

A

Inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, and scabs accompanied by intense itching.

46
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness of skin caused by swelling of the capillaries.

47
Q

What is eschar?

A

Dead matter sloughed off from surface of the skin (especially after a burn).

48
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.

49
Q

What is keratosis?

A

Thickened area of epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (Like a callus or wart)

50
Q

What is lentigo?

A

Small brown macules, especially on face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in middle-aged or older person.

51
Q

What is pallor?

A

Unnatural paleness or absence of colour in the skin.

52
Q

What is Pediculosis?

A

Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear.

53
Q

What is petechia?

A

Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin.

54
Q

What is pruritus?

A

Intense itching.

55
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scaled, caused by excessive development of basal layer of epidermis.

56
Q

what is purpura?

A

Any of the several bleeding disorders characterized by haemorrhage into the tissues (particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes).

57
Q

What is scabies?

A

A contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact.

58
Q

What is tinea?

A

Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected.

Ex: Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

59
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Allergic reaction of skin characterized by eruption of pale, red, elevated patches called wheals or hives.

60
Q

What is verruca?

A

Epidermal growth caused by a virus (aka warts).

61
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches.

62
Q

Describe an allergy skin test

A

A test in which suspected allergen(s) is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it.

63
Q

Describe an intradermal test.

A

A skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction.

64
Q

Describe a patch skin test.

A

Applies a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped on the skin, and observing the area 24hrs later for allergic response.

65
Q

What is a scratch skin test?

A

Identifies an allergen by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin. (AKA Puncture or prick test).

66
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination.

67
Q

What is a frozen section?

A

Ultra thin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological exampnation.

68
Q

What is a needle removal?

A

A removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe.

69
Q

What is a punch?

A

Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch.

70
Q

What is Mohs?

A

It’s a procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer skin, until only cancer-free tissue remains.

71
Q

What is skin graft?

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site.

72
Q

What is an allograft?

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another.

73
Q

What is autograft?

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another in the same individual.

74
Q

What is synthetic?

A

Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibres arranged in a lattice pattern.

75
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor, and transferred to a human.

76
Q

What is a chemical peel?

A

A chemical removal of the outer layers of the skin to treat acne scarring and neral keratoses.

77
Q

What is cryosurgery?

A

Use of subfreezing temp substance (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumours, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue.

78
Q

What is débridement?

A

The removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents.

79
Q

What is dermabrasion?

A

Rubbing (abrasion) using wire bushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis.

80
Q

What is fulguration?

A

Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current.

81
Q

What is photodynamic therapy (PDT)?

A

Procedure where cells selectively treated with an agent (photosensitizer) are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells.

82
Q

What do antiacne agents do?

A

Reduce acne through multiple mechanisms.

83
Q

What are the generic and trade names for antiacne agents?

A
  1. Benzoyl Peroxide
  2. Tretinoin
84
Q

What do antifungals do?

A

They alter the cell wall of fungi, or disrupt enzyme activity, which results in cell death.

85
Q

What are the generic and trade names for antifungals?

A
  1. Itraconazole
  2. Terbinafine
  3. Fluconazole
86
Q

What do antihistamines do?

A

Stop allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine.

87
Q

What are the generic and trade names for antihistamines?

A
  1. Diphenhydramine
  2. Hydroxyzine
88
Q

What do antiparasitics do?

A

Kill insect parasites, like mites and lice.

89
Q

What are the generic and trade names for antiparasitics?

A
  1. Lindane
  2. Permethrin
90
Q

What do antiseptics do?

A

They inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions.

91
Q

What are the generic and trade names for antiseptics?

A
  1. Ethyl or isopropyl alcohol
  2. Hydrogen Peroxide
  3. Povidone-iodine
92
Q

What do corticosteroids do?

A

They decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response to tissue damage.

93
Q

What is their generic and trade name?

A
  1. Hydrocortisone
  2. Triamicinolone
94
Q

What do keratolytics do?

A

Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed.

95
Q

What are the generic and trade names for keratolyrics?

A
  1. Salicylic Acid
  2. Urea
96
Q

What do protectives do?

A

Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin.

97
Q

What are generic and trade names for protectives?

A
  1. Lotions
  2. Ointments
98
Q

What do topical anesthetics do?

A

Block pain sensations by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes.

99
Q

What are their generic names?

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Procaine
100
Q

ABBREVIATIONS AND MEANINGS

A

GO TO NEXT CARD

101
Q

Biopsy

A

Bx

102
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

BCC

103
Q

C&S

A

Culture and Sensitivity

104
Q

CA

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Chronological Age
  3. Cardiac Arrest
105
Q

FS

A

Frozen section

106
Q

ID

A

Intradermal

107
Q

I&D

A

Incision and Drainage

108
Q

IMP

A

Impression (Synonymous with Diagnosis)

109
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

110
Q

TNM

A

Tumour-Node-Metastasis

111
Q

ung

A

Ointment

112
Q

XP, XDP

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

RT Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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