Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards
Define: androgen
Generic term for an agent (usually hormone like testosterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics.
Define: Ductule
Very small duct
Define: Homeostasis
State of equilibrium of internal environment despite changes in external environment.
Define: Synthesize
Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements.
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
- Epidermis (Outermost)
- Stratum Corneum (Mid)
- Basal Layer
What are 2 important glands in the dermis that produce secretion?
- The sweat gland (Sudoriferous)
- Sebaceous (Oil) glands.
What are the 3 element words meaning fat?
- Adip/o
- Lip/o
- Steat/o
What are the 3 element words meaning skin?
- Cutane/o
- Dermat/o
- Derm/o
What are the 2 key element words for sweat?
- Hidr/o
- Sudor/o
What does “ichthy/o” stand for?
Dry, scaly.
What does “kerat/o” stand for?
horny (hard) tissue, cornea.
What does “melano” mean?
Black, describing colour of something.
What does “myc/o” mean?
Fungus (or fungi)
What does “onych/o” and “ungu/o” mean?
Nail
What are the 2 words for hair?
- Pil/o
- Trich/o
What does “scler/o” mean?
Hardening ; sclera (white of eye)
What does “seb/o” mean?
Sebum, Sebaceous
What does “squam/o” mean?
Scale
What does “xen/o” mean?
Foreign, strange
What does “xer/o” mean?
Dry
What does “-cyte” mean?
Cell
What does “-derma” mean?
Skin
What does “epi-“ mean?
Above or upon.
Give the tumour characteristics of Grade 1 cells.
- Tumour cells well differentiated.
- Close resemblance to tissue origin.
- Retain some specialized function(s).
Give the characteristics of grade 2 tumour cells.
- Moderately or poorly differentiated.
- Less resemblance to tissue of origin.
- More variation in size and shape of tumour cells.
- Increased Mitosis.
Give characteristics of grade 3 tumour cells.
- Increased abnormality in appearance, very slight resemblance to tissue of origin.
- Marked variation in shape and size of tumour cells.
- Greatly increased mitoses.
Give characteristics of grade 4 tumour cells.
- Very poorly differentiated.
- Abnormal appearance to extent that recognition of tumour’s tissue origin is difficult.
- Extreme variation in size and shape of tumour cells.
What is the system used for staging tumours?
TNM System (Tumour, node, metastasis).
What are the 3 basic criteria of the TNM system?
T - Size and invasiveness of primary tumour.
N - Area lymph nodes involved
M - Invasiveness (Metastasis) of primary tumour.
For the T, what are the 3 stage 1 designations?
TX - Primary tumour can’t be evaluated.
T0 - No evidence of tumour.
Tis - Stage 1: Tumour is in defined location, shows no invasion into surrounding tissues.
What are the stage 2 designations for T?
T1, T2, T3, T4.
- Primary tumour size and extent of local invasion.
- T1 = minimal invasion
- T4 = large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues.
For the N, what are the 3 designations?
NX
N0
N1, N2, N3, N4
What is the tissue involvement for NX and N0?
NX: Regional lymph nodes that can’t be evaluated.
N0: Regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities.
What is the tissue involvement for N1, N2, N3, N4?
Stage 3
- Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes.
- N1 = minimal spreading, N4 is intensive spreading.
For M, what are the 3 stages involved?
MX
M0
M1
What are the descriptions for MX, M0, M1?
MX - Distant metastasis that can’t be evaluated.
M0 - No evidence of metastasis.
M1: Presence of metastasis.
What is abscess?
Collection of pus at site of an infection.
What is alopecia?
Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, endocrine disorder, or skin disease. (AKA Baldness)
What is Bowen Disease?
Early form of skin cancer, easily curable and characterized by red patch on the skin.
What is cellulitis?
Widespread, acute infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue.
What is chloasma?
Skin discolouration occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots.
What is comedo?
Small skin lesion of acne caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum.
What is decubitus ulcer?
Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in 1 position that prevents blood flow to the tissues.
What is ecchymosis?
Discolouration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colours changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow.
What is eczema?
Inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, and scabs accompanied by intense itching.
What is erythema?
Redness of skin caused by swelling of the capillaries.
What is eschar?
Dead matter sloughed off from surface of the skin (especially after a burn).
What is impetigo?
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.
What is keratosis?
Thickened area of epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (Like a callus or wart)
What is lentigo?
Small brown macules, especially on face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in middle-aged or older person.
What is pallor?
Unnatural paleness or absence of colour in the skin.
What is Pediculosis?
Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear.
What is petechia?
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin.
What is pruritus?
Intense itching.
What is psoriasis?
Chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scaled, caused by excessive development of basal layer of epidermis.
what is purpura?
Any of the several bleeding disorders characterized by haemorrhage into the tissues (particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes).
What is scabies?
A contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact.
What is tinea?
Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected.
Ex: Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
What is urticaria?
Allergic reaction of skin characterized by eruption of pale, red, elevated patches called wheals or hives.
What is verruca?
Epidermal growth caused by a virus (aka warts).
What is vitiligo?
Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches.
Describe an allergy skin test
A test in which suspected allergen(s) is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it.
Describe an intradermal test.
A skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction.
Describe a patch skin test.
Applies a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped on the skin, and observing the area 24hrs later for allergic response.
What is a scratch skin test?
Identifies an allergen by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin. (AKA Puncture or prick test).
What is a biopsy?
Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination.
What is a frozen section?
Ultra thin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological exampnation.
What is a needle removal?
A removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe.
What is a punch?
Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch.
What is Mohs?
It’s a procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer skin, until only cancer-free tissue remains.
What is skin graft?
Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site.
What is an allograft?
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another.
What is autograft?
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another in the same individual.
What is synthetic?
Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibres arranged in a lattice pattern.
What is a xenograft?
Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor, and transferred to a human.
What is a chemical peel?
A chemical removal of the outer layers of the skin to treat acne scarring and neral keratoses.
What is cryosurgery?
Use of subfreezing temp substance (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumours, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue.
What is débridement?
The removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents.
What is dermabrasion?
Rubbing (abrasion) using wire bushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis.
What is fulguration?
Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current.
What is photodynamic therapy (PDT)?
Procedure where cells selectively treated with an agent (photosensitizer) are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells.
What do antiacne agents do?
Reduce acne through multiple mechanisms.
What are the generic and trade names for antiacne agents?
- Benzoyl Peroxide
- Tretinoin
What do antifungals do?
They alter the cell wall of fungi, or disrupt enzyme activity, which results in cell death.
What are the generic and trade names for antifungals?
- Itraconazole
- Terbinafine
- Fluconazole
What do antihistamines do?
Stop allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine.
What are the generic and trade names for antihistamines?
- Diphenhydramine
- Hydroxyzine
What do antiparasitics do?
Kill insect parasites, like mites and lice.
What are the generic and trade names for antiparasitics?
- Lindane
- Permethrin
What do antiseptics do?
They inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions.
What are the generic and trade names for antiseptics?
- Ethyl or isopropyl alcohol
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Povidone-iodine
What do corticosteroids do?
They decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response to tissue damage.
What is their generic and trade name?
- Hydrocortisone
- Triamicinolone
What do keratolytics do?
Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed.
What are the generic and trade names for keratolyrics?
- Salicylic Acid
- Urea
What do protectives do?
Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin.
What are generic and trade names for protectives?
- Lotions
- Ointments
What do topical anesthetics do?
Block pain sensations by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes.
What are their generic names?
- Lidocaine
- Procaine
ABBREVIATIONS AND MEANINGS
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Biopsy
Bx
Basal Cell Carcinoma
BCC
C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
CA
- Cancer
- Chronological Age
- Cardiac Arrest
FS
Frozen section
ID
Intradermal
I&D
Incision and Drainage
IMP
Impression (Synonymous with Diagnosis)
IV
Intravenous
TNM
Tumour-Node-Metastasis
ung
Ointment
XP, XDP
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
