Chapter 9 and 11: Questions Flashcards
According to Wittgenstein, we
a.
have no real general concept for each category we know but instead learn each category member individually.
b.
assess category membership probabilistically, by family resemblance.
c.
can find rigid features that define a category but only after intensive study.
d.
first encounter the prototypical member of a category and then compare all other potential members to it.
b.
assess category membership probabilistically, by family resemblance.
Which of the following is NOT true about Rosch’s prototype theory of category membership?
a.
Judgments about an item are made with reference to either the ideal or the average of that category.
b.
In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category.
c.
Items that more closely resemble the prototype are perceived to be “better” members of the category than other items.
d.
The prototype for a certain category may vary from person to person.
b.
In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category.
Many people think of a drum as the prototypical percussion instrument. Given this, which of the following results is most likely?
a.
The statement, “Chimes are percussion instruments,” will be verified more quickly than the statement, “Drums are percussion instruments.”
b.
When asked to create sentences about percussion instruments, participants frequently say things like, “I heard a percussion instrument chiming.”
c.
When people are asked which of two instruments is “more ‘percussiony,’” they will choose the drum if it is an option.
d.
When two types of instruments are within the category of percussion instruments, they will be treated equally.
c.
When people are asked which of two instruments is “more ‘percussiony,’” they will choose the drum if it is an option.
Which of the following facts fits least well with the claims of prototype theory?
a.
Pictures of items similar to the prototype are identified as category members more quickly than pictures of items less similar to the prototype.
b.
Items close to the prototype are the earliest (and most likely) to be mentioned in a production task.
c.
When making up sentences about a category, people tend to create sentences that are most appropriate for the prototype of that category rather than for a more peripheral category member.
d.
Even when an item is quite different from a category’s prototype, it is very easy for people to decide whether it is inside or outside the boundaries of the category.
d.
Even when an item is quite different from a category’s prototype, it is very easy for people to decide whether it is inside or outside the boundaries of the category.
Which of the following claims is FALSE?
a.
Reliance on prototypes is likely to emerge gradually as a person’s experience with a category grows.
b.
People are likely to rely strongly on exemplars early in their exposure to a particular category.
c.
Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.
d.
With exposure to many instances of a particular category, it becomes more difficult to remember each particular instance, and this contributes to the emergence of a prototype.
c.
Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.
When people are asked to rate how much “oddness” different odd numbers have, they
a.
rate the numbers all the same, because there is a clearly defined category boundary for odd numbers.
b.
rate some odd numbers as more “odd” than others, but these ratings are quite inconsistent from one participant to the next.
c.
are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd.
d.
refuse to do the task because it does not make any sense
c.
are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd.
Which of the following examples illustrates how category typicality and judgments of category membership usually go together?
a.
A painted, sugar-infused lemon that has been run over by a truck is still considered a lemon.
b.
A perfect counterfeit bill that shares all the features of real money is rejected as payment.
c.
A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such.
d.
Children accept the notion that a toaster can be changed into a coffeepot, but not the idea that a skunk can be changed into a raccoon.
c.
A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such.
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of the prototype theory?
a.
fuzzy boundaries
b.
graded membership
c.
defining features
d.
inequality of category members
c.
defining features
In a standard sentence verification task, which of the following sentences would produce the slowest response time?
a.
A peach is a fruit.
b.
An apple is a fruit.
c.
A robin is a bird.
d.
A bat is a bird.
d.
A bat is a bird.
In a production task, the __________ category members that a person mentions are also the category members that produce the fastest reaction times in a sentence verification task.
a.
first
b.
last
c.
loudest
d.
slowest
a.
first
The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is known as
a.
geometric theory.
b.
prototype theory.
c.
feature theory.
d.
exemplar theory.
d.
exemplar theory.
What advantage do propositional networks have over other types of categorization models?
a.
They can better accommodate atypical category members.
b.
They match neural biology better.
c.
They can better differentiate between different types of relationships.
d.
Nodes are less complex.
c.
They can better differentiate between different types of relationships.
Connectionist, or parallel distributed processing (PDP), models are different from other categorization models in several ways. All the following are true of connectionist networks EXCEPT that
a.
individual nodes are associated with meaning.
b.
computers modeling these networks are more successful at problem solving than computers using other locally represented models.
c.
processing is across the network rather than locally represented.
d.
processing happens in parallel rather than serially.
a.
individual nodes are associated with meaning.
Based on image-zooming experiments, which of the following would participants be slowest to identify in a mental image?
a.
the whiskers of a mouse standing alone
b.
the trunk of an elephant positioned next to a mouse
c.
the whiskers on a mouse positioned next to a butterfly
d.
the antennae of a butterfly positioned next to an elephant
d.
the antennae of a butterfly positioned next to an elephant
Which of the following were NOT chronometric studies?
a.
Shepard’s mental-rotation experiments
b.
Kosslyn’s image-zooming experiments
c.
Galton’s visual-imagery introspection experiments
d.
Kosslyn’s image-scanning experiments
c.
Galton’s visual-imagery introspection experiments
