Chapter 14 Questions Flashcards
Unconscious influences on conscious thinking include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
subliminal priming.
b.
the “inner dialogue” we sometimes have.
c.
unnoticed assumptions (sets) that guide problem solving.
d.
framing effects.
b.
the “inner dialogue” we sometimes have.
An extensive body of research shows that
a.
we are fully aware of the mental processes that lead up to a behavior.
b.
introspection can tell us whether we actually perceived something or only inferred it from incomplete data.
c.
our introspections are often wrong, even if we are extremely confident in them.
d.
if we reason carefully and deliberately, we can circumvent the influences of the unconscious.
c.
our introspections are often wrong, even if we are extremely confident in them.
When people offer explanations for their behaviors and decisions, it is because they
a.
were able to observe their thought processes and report on them.
b.
can recognize after the fact which hypotheses about their thoughts are correct.
c.
are able to make hypotheses based on what they know about the current situation and their past experiences.
d.
are embarrassed that they don’t know the real explanations, so they make some up.
c.
are able to make hypotheses based on what they know about the current situation and their past experiences.
In a study in which participants were shown an emotionally evocative passage and asked to point to the section that was responsible for their emotional reaction, they generally
a.
were each confident in their answers, but all pointed to different sections.
b.
agreed about which section was responsible and were proven correct.
c.
were unable to say with any confidence which section was responsible.
d.
agreed about which section was responsible but were proven incorrect.
d.
agreed about which section was responsible but were proven incorrect.
When people reconstruct their thought processes, they most often report that it feels like
a.
remembering.
b.
lying.
c.
guessing.
d.
being told.
a.
remembering.
Patients with blind sight
a.
can see large shapes and bright colors.
b.
will perform at chance when guessing whether shapes are X’s or O’s.
c.
will reach toward targets and adjust their hand position appropriately.
d.
will claim that they can visually detect information about objects.
c.
will reach toward targets and adjust their hand position appropriately.
The unconscious is NOT
a.
dependent on well-established routines.
b.
composed of relatively specialized parts.
c.
guided by habit.
d.
able to respond to situations in novel ways.
d.
able to respond to situations in novel ways.
Which is the clearest example of what psychologists call an action slip?
a.
not paying attention to where you are going and tripping on the sidewalk
b.
not paying attention in class and doodling on your notes instead
c.
being distracted while driving to the mall and turning the wrong way down the street you take every day to school
d.
being unable to see objects because of brain damage but still being able to “guess” certain features of the objects correctly
c.
being distracted while driving to the mall and turning the wrong way down the street you take every day to school
Consciousness
a.
is a state of awareness of sensation or ideas.
b.
includes all the processes involved in our mental lives.
c.
is located entirely within the workspace neurons.
d.
is only possible when there is unlimited focused attention.
a.
is a state of awareness of sensation or ideas.
What is an advantage for conscious, as opposed to unconscious, performance?
a.
It allows mental tasks to run more quickly.
b.
It does not require constant attention.
c.
It is much more flexible.
d.
It is immune to effects of framing.
c.
It is much more flexible.
Each area of the brain does its own job and neural activity tends to be highly transient. __________ is what enables us to sustain the activity in these various systems.
a.
Automaticity
b.
Attention
c.
Unconsciousness
d.
Creativity
b.
Attention
The neuronal workspace hypothesis provides an explanation for __________ consciousness, while philosophers are often concerned with qualia, which are aspects of __________ consciousness.
a.
access; phenomenal
b.
phenomenal; access
c.
subjective; objective
d.
subjective; phenomenal
a.
access; phenomenal
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a.
The cognitive unconscious allows for efficiency at the cost of flexibility.
b.
Remembering is a reconstructive process.
c.
Conscious processing is more efficient than unconscious processing but is also relatively unsophisticated.
d.
To act on information to which we have access, we usually need a reason to take the information seriously.
c.
Conscious processing is more efficient than unconscious processing but is also relatively unsophisticated.
In the Nisbett and Schachter study (1966), participants were asked to let the experimenter know when they no longer wanted to continue receiving electric shocks. Which of the following is true of the participants who had taken a placebo?
a.
They correctly attributed their physical symptoms to the electric shocks.
b.
They tolerated fewer electric shocks than those not receiving the placebo.
c.
They reported thinking about the placebo frequently during the experiment.
d.
They experienced shaking and upset-stomach symptoms similar to those in participants not receiving the placebo.
d.
They experienced shaking and upset-stomach symptoms similar to those in participants not receiving the placebo.
Rather than actually accessing their mental processes via introspection, people often create after-the-fact explanations for their own behavior. Which of the following is NOT true of these explanations?
a.
Participants usually report high levels of confidence in their explanations.
b.
Explanations are based on people’s assumptions about likely causes of their own behavior, rather than direct access to the actual causes.
c.
People can easily distinguish between their own after-the-fact explanations and true introspections.
d.
Participants often fail to mention factors that were, in fact, crucially important in their behavior.
c.
People can easily distinguish between their own after-the-fact explanations and true introspections.
