Chapter 9 - Airway Management

Question 1

Upper airway

Answer 1

all anatomic structures above vocal cords:
nose
mouth
jaw
oral cavity
pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
larynx (thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, glottis, vocal cords)

Question 2

Lower airway

Answer 2

fourth cervical vertebra and xiphoid process and from glottis to pulmonary capillary membrane
trachea
carina
main bronchus
bronchioles

Question 3

Mediastium

Answer 3

heart
great vessels
esophagus
trachea
major bronchi
phrenic nerve (diaphragm)

Question 4

Physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Answer 4

Ventilation

Question 5

Process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the blood stream.

Answer 5

Oxygenation

Question 6

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and other tissues of the body.

Answer 6

Respiration

Question 7

Signs of inadequate breathing.

Answer 7

respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min
respiratory rate < 12 breaths/min
irregular respiratory rhythm
absent, irregular or noisy breath sounds
unequal or inadequate chest expansion
increased breathing effort (accessory muscles)
shallow breathing (reduced tidal volume)
skin that is pale, cyanotic skin, cool, clammy
retractions (skin pullin in around ribs or above clavicles)

Question 8

Occurs when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the respiratory muscles after death.

Answer 8

Agonal gasps

Question 9

Preferred method of oxygen delivery in patients who are breathing adequately but may have signs of hypoxia.

Answer 9

nonrebreathing mask
combination mask and air bag
use 15 L/min oxygen

Question 10

Preferred method of oxygen delivery in patients who are NOT breathing adequately.

Answer 10

bag mask device
provides positive pressure
can be used in awake patient, timed with own respirations
adult 1 breath per 5-6 seconds
infant and child 1 breath per 3-5 seconds

Question 11

Indications that ventilation is adequate

Answer 11

Visible and equal chest rise and fall
adult ventilation at 10 - 12 bpm
infant/child ventilation at 12 - 20 bpm
heart rate returns to normal
skin color is improving (pink)

Question 12

Indications that ventilation is NOT adequate

Answer 12

Minimal or no chest rise and fall
ventilation too fast or too slow for patient age
heart rate does not return to normal
skin color remains cyanotic, mottled, or deteriorates

Question 13

Device that allows single rescuer to use both hands for mask to face seal while providing positive-pressure ventilation.

Answer 13

manually triggered ventilation device
provides 100% oxygen at up to 40 L/min
too high a pressure can yield pneumothorax

Question 14

An indication of mild upper airway obstruction.

Answer 14

stridor (high pitched noise primarily on inspiration)

treat as severe airway obstruction

Question 15

Causes of airway obstruction.

Answer 15

Relaxation of the tongue
aspirated vomitus
foreign objects
blood clots, bone fragments, damaged tissue after injury
airway tissue swelling (infection, allergic reaction)

Question 16

Oxygen cylinder endurance calculation.

Answer 16

duration of flow in minutes = (gauge pressure - safe residual pressure) / constant flow rate in liters per minute safe residual pressure: 200 constants: D cylinder 0.16