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EMT > Chapter 5 - Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Planes of the Body

A

Coronal (front and back)
Transverse (top and bottom)
Sagittal (left and right)
Midsagittal (midline split L/R)

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2
Q

Directional - Front and Back

A

Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)

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3
Q

Directional - Top and Bottom

A

Superior (head)

Inferior (feet)

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4
Q

Directional - Closest and Farthest

A

Proximal (closest to point of attachment)

Distal (farthest from the point of attachment)

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5
Q

Directional - Middle and Side

A

Medial (closest to the midline)

Lateral (farthest from the midline)

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6
Q

Directional - In and Out

A

Superficial (closest to the surface)

Deep (farthest from the surface)

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7
Q

Movement

A

Flexion (bending of joint)
Extension (straightening of joint)
Adduction (motion toward midline)
Abduction (motion away from midline)

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8
Q

Quadrants

A

RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

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9
Q

On incline, feet higher than head

A

Trendelenburg’s Position

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10
Q

Head and torso supine, lower limbs raised

A

Shock or modified Trendelenburg

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11
Q

Sitting up with knees drawn in

A

Fowler’s Position

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12
Q

Lying face down

A

Prone position

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13
Q

Lying face up

A

Supine position

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14
Q

Skeletal support structures

A

Ligament (connects bone to bone)
Tendon (connect muscle to bone)
Cartilage (cushion between bones)

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15
Q

Cranium Bones (5)

A 
occiput (posterior)
temporals (lateral)
parietal (top)
frontal (front)
foramen magnum is hole in occiput for spinal cord
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16
Q

Facial Bones (14)

A

maxillae (fixed jaw)
zygomas (cheek)
mandible (moveable jaw)
nasal

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17
Q

Eye Socket

A

framed by frontal bone, temporal bones, nasal bones, zygomatic bones, and maxilla

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18
Q

Bones of Spinal Column (33)

A 
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacral vertebrae (5)
Coccygeal vertebrae (4)
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19
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs, sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid process).
Inferior boundry is diaphragm which separates thorax from abdomen.

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20
Q

Shoulder Girdle

A

clavicle
scapula - acromion is bony process that joins with clavicle
humerus
Glenohumeral (shoulder - joins humerus and scapula
Acromioclavicular (joins lateral clavicle to scapula)
Sternoclavicular (joins medial clavicle to sternum

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21
Q

Bones of Arm and Hand

A 
humerus
ulna (larger proximal)
radius (larger distal)
wrist (8 carpal bones)
metacarpals (5)
phalanges (5 - digits or fingers)
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22
Q

Pelvic Bones (2)

A

Pelvic bone is fusion of:
ilium - ischium - pubis
Joined together posteriorly by the sacrum, anteriorly at the pubic symphysis (has cartilage to allow slight movement).

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23
Q

Leg Bones

A 
Femoral head (attaches at acetabulum)
Greater trochanter (lateral) and lesser trochanter (medial).
Patella (kneecap) anterior to knee joint
Tibia (shin bone) larger and anterior
Fibula on lateral side of leg.
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24
Q

Ankle and Foot Bones

A

Ankle consists of 7 Tarsal bones (talus is part of leg joint, calcaneus is heel). Talus to cuboid to navicular
Foot consists of 5 Metatarsals and Phlanges (toes)
3 phalanges in each toe except big toe which has 2.

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25
Q

Pelvis

A

Sacrum
Pelvic bones (2)
ilium - ischium - pubis
Acetabulum is socket on pelvis where lower leg connects.

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26
Q

Muscles under voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

Muscles found within blood vessels and intestines

A

smooth muscle

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28
Q

Muscles found within the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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29
Q

Upper Airway Structures (7)

A 
nose
mouth
tongue
jaw
oral cavity
larynx
pharynx
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30
Q

Protects the opening of the trachea

A

epiglottis

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31
Q

Warm, filter and humidify air

A

nasopharynx

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32
Q

Anterior part of larynx

A

thryroid cartilage or Adam’s Apple

contains vocal cords

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33
Q

Immediately below thyroid cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage
Location for using Sellick maneuver (press on the cricoid cartilage to compress the esophagus behind it so as to prevent gastric reflux from occurring.

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34
Q

Depression in the midline of the neck, just inferior to the thyroid cartilage

A

cricothyroid membrane

landmark for needle airway

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35
Q

Approximate length of trachea

A

5 inches

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36
Q

Division of trachea

A

carina

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37
Q

700 million grape like sacs

A

alveoli

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38
Q

Lower airway

A 
trachea
carina
main bronchi (2 - R/L)
bronchioles to right (3 lobes) and left (2 lobes)
alveoli
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39
Q

Has characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscles

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

Process of gas exchange

A

respiration

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41
Q

Movement of air between lung and environment

A

ventilation

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42
Q

Process to move O2 and CO2 across capillaries

A

diffusion

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43
Q

Gas content of exhaled air

A

16% O2

3 - 5% CO2

44
Q

Center for control of breathing

A

brain stem

sensors determine level of CO2 in spinal fluid

45
Q

Function of medulla oblongata

A

Portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing and sneezing.

46
Q

What are Hering-Breuer reflexes?

A

In chest wall, detects lung expansion or deflation and directs pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.
Active in increased emotional or physical stress.

47
Q

Dorsal and Ventral respiratory groups

A

Part of Medulla
Dorsal causes forced inspiration and is part of normal rhythmic breathing
Ventral causes forced expiration or inspiration with speech or stressful situations

48
Q

Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers

A

Part of Pons

Inhibit and excite (respectively) the Dorsal Respiratory Group of Medulla under stress.

49
Q

Lung capacity of adult male

A

6 liters

50
Q

Normal tidal volume

A

0.5 liters

51
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

deepest breath you can take, about 3 L

52
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that you exhale, about 1.2 L

53
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air that does not flow in ventilation 1.2 L

54
Q

Normal rate of breathing in adult

A

12 - 20 breaths / minute

55
Q

Signs that a patient is not breathing normally

A

less than 12 or more than 20 breaths / minute
labored breathing
pale or cyanotic skin
cool, damp skin (clammy)
tripod position (leaning forward on outstreched arms

56
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle, through the body to the right atrium.
high pressure system

57
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

carries oxygen poor blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
low pressure system

58
Q

Parts of left heart

A 
mitral valve
aortic valve
coronary arteries and veins
left ventricle
left atrium
59
Q

Parts of the right heart

A

tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
right ventricle
right atrium

60
Q

Bands of fibrous tissue attached to heart valves

A

chordae tendineae

61
Q

Normal heart rate

A

50 - 60 beats per minute resting

up to 180 with vigorous exercise

62
Q

Stroke volume

A

70 - 80 mL

63
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

amount of blood pumped in 1 minute

CO = HR x SV

64
Q

Central pulses (6 primary)

A

carotid artery
femoral artery
radial artery (wrist at base of thumb)
brachial artery (medial arm midway elbow-shoulder)
posterior tibial artery (posterior and medial ankle)
dorsalis pedis artery (top of foot)
also superficial temporal and external maxillary

65
Q

Function of Spleen

A

Filtering worn out blood cells, foreign substances, bacteria.
Assist in immune response.
Hemoglobin is recylced.
450 mL blood on board

66
Q

Blood Composition

A

Water 92% of plasma
Proteins 7% of plasma
Oxygen almost all bound to hemoglobin

67
Q

What is perfusion

A

circulation of the blood in an organ.

68
Q

Function of blood

A

Fight infection - WBC
Transport oxygen - RBC
Transport carbon dioxide - Plasma
Control pH - Chemicals in plasma
Transport wastes and nutrients - Plasma/Water
Clotting - Platelets and clotting factors

69
Q

Nervous System effects on Cardiovascular System

A

Sympathetic:
Alpha-1 Constrict blood vessels
Beta-1 Increase heart rate and force of contraction
Beta-2 Dilate bronchioles in lung

Parasympathetic:
Decrease heart rate and force of contraction

70
Q

Cerebrum

A

gray matter
3/4 of brain mass
frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
Primary motor center / opposite sides

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

underneath cerebrum

coordination of activities

72
Q

Brain Stem

A 
primative brain
controls cardiac, respiratory, basic functions
conciousness
reticular activating system
midbrain, pons, medulla oblonggata
73
Q

Blood Supply to Brain

A

Blood in from carotid arteries
Drains into internal and external jugular veins
Cerebrospinal fluid colorless surrounds brain and spinal cord.

74
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Sensory stimuli traveling to brain through spinal cord have direct connections to motor nerves coming from brain to muscle. Muscle can respond without signal making it all the way to brain.
Knee tap is test of reflex loop.

75
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

i) Spinal Nerves: They are peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into the spinal cord and motor commands.
ii) Cranial Nerves: They are the nerve fibers which carry information into and out of the brain stem. They include smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, taste, ear, neck, shoulders and tongue.
iii) Association Nerves: These nerves integrate sensory input and motor output numbering thousands.

76
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - generally slows body.

77
Q

Motor nerves

A

Cell body for motor nerves lies in spinal cord.

78
Q

Skin (Integumentary System) Anatomy

A

Superficial epidermis has germinal layer that produces new cells that move to stratum corneal layer

Deeper dermis has sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and nerve endings

Subcutaneous tissue is composed largely of fat - insulation and energy storage.

79
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mouth, nose, anus, vagina not covered by skin but by mucous membranes. GI tract is completely mucous membranes.

80
Q

Skin Physiology

A

Skin is single largest organ in body.
protects body from invasion by infectious organisms
Regulation of body temperature
Information about the environment - sensations

81
Q

Abdomen

A

2nd largest body cavity
Diaphragm separates abdomen from thorax
Inferior is pelvis which is separated by an imaginary plane that extends from pubic symphysis through sacrum’
RUQ - Liver, gall bladder, portion of colon
Liver fills entire AP space under 8th to 12th ribs.
LUQ - Stomach, spleen, portion of colon
Spleen lateral and posterior, mostly under 9th to 11th ribs; stomach may sag into LLQ when full.
RLQ - Large intestine (cecum and ascending colon), appendix.
LLQ - Large intestine (descending and sigmoid).

Small intestine occupies central parts around umbilicus in all four quadrants.

Pancreas and Kidneys behind posterior abdominal wall in RUQ and LUQ (retroperitoneal).

Urinary bladder just behind pubic symphysis in middle of abdomen (RLQ LLQ)

82
Q

Roof of mouth formed by __________

A

Hard palate - bony plate lying anteriorly

Soft palate - fold of muscle and mucous membrane extending posteriorly

83
Q

Salivary glands

A

2 under tongue and 2 in cheek.
Produce 1.5 L saliva daily - 98% water.
Saliva composed of mucus, salts, organic compounds and certain digestive enzymes

84
Q

Extends vertically from back of mouth to esophagus and trachea.

A

Oropharynx

85
Q

Collapsible tube extends from end of pharynx to stomach.

A

Esophagus - about 10” long

Just anterior to spinal column

86
Q

Hollow organ in LUQ

A

Stomach, protected by lower left ribs.
Produces approximately 1.5 L of gastric juice daily, churning and secretions turn food into chyme.
Takes 1-3 hours to discharge small meal into duodenum.

87
Q

Flat solid organ that lies below and behind liver

A

Pancreas
Deep in abdomen and not easily damaged.
Exocrine secretes 2 L of enzyme containing juice daily into duodenum along pancreatic ducts.
Endocrine is islets of Langerhans that produce insulin to regulate glucose in body.

88
Q

Solid organ in RUQ immediately beneath diaphragm

A

Liver
extends into LUQ.
Processes toxic products of digestion, produces blood clotting factors and produces plasma.

Between 0.5 and 1 L of bile made daily to assist in fat digestion pass through bile ducts to duodenum.
Gallbladder is out pouching of bile ducts which store bile until needed (60 - 90 mL). Green color turns feces brown.

Main storage of sugar and starch for immediate use for body energy.

All blood circulation from digestive system passes through portal vein before returning to heart (25% of Cardiac Ouput passes through liver - 1.5 L / min).
Bile ducts

89
Q

Major hollow organ of the abdomen

A

Small intestine
Duodenum (12 inches long), jejunum and ileum (together 20 feet long).
Walls secrete mucous and enzymes to aid digestion

90
Q

Organ encircling the outer margin of the abdomen

A

Large intestine - 5 feet long
Cecum, Colon, Rectum
Removes final 5 - 10% of digested food and water to form stool which is stored in rectum and passed through anus.

91
Q

Tubular organ in RLQ

A

Appendix is tube 3 - 4 inches long that opens into cecum.

Can easily become blocked and infected. Major cause for severe abdominal distress.

92
Q

Normally, without food or fluid ingestion, between 8 and 10 L / day of fluid secreted into GI tract

A

About 7% of body weight is delivered as fluid daily.

Diarrhea and vommitting for 2-3 days will severely deplete body fluid.

93
Q

Complex message and control system to integrate bodily functions

A

Endocrine System uses hormones released into circulatory system to control body.
Hormones have specific effects on organs, tissues or processes.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine released by adrenal gland.
Insulin from pancreas cause glucose to enter cells.

94
Q

System to control fluid balance, filter waste and control pH

A

Urinary System
Kidneys (solid organ) located posterior muscle wall in retroperitoneal space.
20% of cardiac output (1.2 L/day) passes through kidney.
Aorta to kidney to inferior vena cava.
Filtered fluid flows to renal pelvis then to ureter and to bladder by peristalsis.
Urinary bladder immediatel behind pubic symphysis in pelvic cavity.
Urethra leads out, healthy adult forms 1.5 to 2 L / day.

95
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Prostate gland and seminal vesicles lie inside the pelvic cavity, others outside.
Testicles produce immature sperm and male hormones.
Epididymis stores and matures sperm.
Vas deferens carries semen to urethra then to penis.

96
Q

Female Reproduction System

A

Ovaries produce female sex hormones (directly to cirulation) and ovum (mature egg cell) (through fallopian tubes to uterus).
Vagina is muscular distensible tube that connects uterus to vulva.
Normal gestation 40 weeks.
Vagina also channels menstrual flow

97
Q

System that depends on oxygen to use fuel

A

Aerobic metabolism
Cells use oxygen to utilize ATP 15 times more efficiently than without oxygen. Waste products are CO2 and water.
Without O2, brain cells begin to die within 4 to 6 minutes.

98
Q

System that does not depend on oxygen to use fuel

A

Anaerobic metabolism
When oxygen is not present, cells can utilize energy less efficiently. Waste products include lactic acid.
Lactic acid is converted back into useful energy once oxygen is available.

99
Q

Normal Physiological pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

100
Q

V/Q Ratio

A

How much gas is being moved effectively to the alveoli (Ventilation) and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli (Perfusion).

101
Q

Condition where organs and tissues are not receiving an adequate flow of blood and oxygen.

A

Shock:
Hypovolemic - Loss of blood or other fluid
Cardiogenic - Loss of heart function
Distributive - Excessive vasodilation (septic most common)

102
Q

Gas content of inhaled air.

A

20.6% oxygen
0.03% carbon dioxide
78% nitrogen

103
Q

The medial surface of the lower extremity of tibia is prolonged downward to form a pyramidal process.

A

medial malleolus

104
Q

The lower extremity of the fibula is of a pyramidal form and somewhat flattened from side to side.

A

lateral malleolus or external malleolus,

105
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A

C3-5 Phrenic nerve (diaphragm)
C5-6 Arm flexion
T2-7 Chest and intercostal muscles
L2-4 Knee extension

EMT (28 decks)

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