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Histology Unit 1 > Chapter 9 - Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

A
  1. White
  2. Brown
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2
Q

What causes the white space in slides of adipose tissue?

A

Formalin pulls the lipids away leaving a white space

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3
Q

Where are all the cytoplasmic contents located in adipose tissue?

A

They are pushed to the side

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4
Q

Are adipose tissue highly vascular or avascular?

A

Highly vascular

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5
Q

What is a cluster of adipose cells called?

A

Lobule

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6
Q

What are lobules (clusters of adipose cells) seperated by? Name and tissue type

A

Septa

Dense irregular CT

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7
Q

What type of fiber is located in intervening spaces between adipocytes?

A

Reticular fibers

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8
Q

What cells are adipocytes derived from?

A

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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9
Q

What is the main cell type present in adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes

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10
Q

What is the major function of adipose tissue?

A

Store excess energy

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11
Q

In what macromolecues is energy stored in adipocytes?

A
  1. Triglycerides within a lipid droplet
  2. Limited carbohydrates and protiens
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12
Q

What is the second minor function of adipocytes?

A

Are endocrine glands that regulate energy metabolism

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13
Q

What are some disease states that would be effected by our endocrine glads misreggulation of metabolism?

A

Heart disease, chronic inflammation, diabetes

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14
Q

What animal has a lot of adipose tissue?

A

Camel, the hump is made almost entriely of adipose tissue which can generate water through the breakdown of lipids

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15
Q

What causes lipogenesis? What does lipogenesis produce?

A

Excess nutrition (lipids and carbs) > lipogenesis > increased fat storage

Produces triglycerides

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16
Q

What causes lipid oxidation?

A

Insufficent nutrition > lipid oxidation > energy production

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17
Q

What differentiates brown and white adipose tissue? How many vacuoles? What organisms are they found in?

A

White; single large lipid vacuole = unilocular, adult humans

Brown; multilocular, more mitochondria and cytochrome C (?),fetal life and early childhood, hibernating animals

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18
Q

What important function does brown adipose tissue serve in babies?

A

Thermogenesis

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19
Q

What determines wether adipose tissue will be brown or white?

A

Transcription factors

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20
Q

What are the differnt cell stages form MSC to adipocyte?

A

MSC > early lipoblast > midstage lipoblast > latestage lipoblast > mature white adipocyte

MSC > early lipoblast > brown adipocyte

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21
Q

What specific transcription factors are requiered for differentiation to white adipocytes? (2)

A
  1. PPARy
  2. RXR
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22
Q

What specific TF are required to form a brown adipocyte?

A
  1. PRDM 16
  2. PGC-1
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23
Q

What signal do brown adipocytes never recieve?

A

The signal to merge vacuoles

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24
Q

What are in the cytoplasmic contents of adipocytes?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Glycogen stores
  3. Basal Lamia - allows for meshwork and attachment between adjacent adipocytes
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25
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer? What is it important for?

A

Layer below the dermis

Important for insulation

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26
Q

Where is adipose tissue located?

A

Subcutaneous layer

Mammary glands

Greater omentum (hangs over the stomach)

Mesenteries (lines intestines)

Retroperitoneal Space (space in organs)

Visceral pericardium (heart)

Eye sockets

Bone Marrow Cavity

27
Q

What are the two “shapes” a person can have regarding fat?

A
  1. Android (apple)
  2. Gynoid (pear)
28
Q

What are 4 factors that effect the distirbution of adipose tissue (android or gynoid)?

A
  1. Gender
  2. Genetics
  3. Menopause
  4. Yo-yo dieting (periods of starvation)
29
Q

Why would menopause effect the distribution of weight?

A

Post-menopausal women will shift to android shape becasue decrease in estrogen

30
Q

What are some increased risks associated with the android shape?

A

Increased cardivascular, hypertension, and non-insulin dependent diabetes

31
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

32
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number

33
Q

What is the brain-gut-adipose axis?

A

Interconnected sigals that regulate the appetite, hunger, satieity, and energy homeostasis

34
Q

What two hormones are responsible for short term regulation in the brain-gut-adipose axis?

A

Ghrelin

Peptide YY

35
Q

What two hormones are responsible for long term regulation in the brain-gut-adipose axis?

A

Leptin

Insulin

36
Q

What does Gherin do? Where is it made?

A

Appetite Stimulant

Made by gastroepithelial cells - is there food in the stomach? No. Send Gherin

Increase appetite and decrease lipid oxidation and increase stores

37
Q

Do obese people have more gherin? Do anorexic?

A

Obese people do NOT have more gherin

Anorexic people do becasue your body wants to increase its appetite because its starving

38
Q

Prader-Will syndrome; symptoms? cause?

A

Mutation in Chromosome 15

Increased Ghelin > compulsive eating

Short, low muscle tone, low cognitive function

39
Q

What does Peptide YY (PYY) do? Where is it made?

A

Apetite suppresent

Produced in the small intestine - tell you you have food

40
Q

What receptor do Ghelin and PYY bind to? What does this make them?

A

Both bind to hypothalumus

This makes them antagonists

41
Q

What does Leptin do?

A

Inhibits hunger, stimulates satiety

Protects against weight loss in times of food deprevation

42
Q

What does a defficency in Leptin cause?

A

It can lead to over eating and obesity

43
Q

Do obese people have increased or decreased leptin?

A

Obesity people have increased leptin but decreased sensitivity (less receptors etc)

44
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Regulates blood glucose levels; promotes lipid synthesis and supressed lipid degredation

Increase insulin increase tryglycerides increase adipose tissue

45
Q

There are lots of hormones and protiens produced by adipose tissue

46
Q

What two protiens increase resistence to Insulin and cause type II diabetes?

A
  1. Adiponectin
  2. Resisten
47
Q

What can AGE and Ang II cause?

A

Blood clotss

48
Q

What can PAI - 1 cause?

A

Increased chance of high blood pressure

49
Q

What do prostoglandins cause?

A

Chronic inflammation

50
Q

What type of organism likley has high brown adipose tissue?

A

Newborns

Hibernating animals

Provides thermogenesis

51
Q

How is thermoregulation regulated? (2)

A

UCP-1 facilitates thermogenic activity

Regulated by norepiniphrine released from the symphathetic nerves

52
Q

What makes brown adipose tissue different from white in regards to thermoregulation?

A

Increased mitochondria

No ATP synthase > proton motor force > UCP-1

53
Q

Brown fat can accumulate in adults for what 3 reasons?

A
  1. During winter months
  2. In lean people
  3. In outdoor workers
54
Q

Where does brown adipose tissue accumulate in adults?

A

Neck and shoulder region

55
Q

Identify the image

A

White adipose tissue

56
Q

Identify the image

A

White adipose tissue

57
Q

Identify the image

A

Brown adipose tissue

58
Q

Identify the image

A

Brown adipose tissue

59
Q

Identify the image (first three boxes are examples of what?)

A

Developing adipocytes

60
Q

Identify the image

A

Septa seperating two adiopocytes

61
Q

Identify the image

A

Caused by different location of adipose tissue

62
Q

Identify the image

A

Example of hypertrophy

63
Q

Identify the illness

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

64
Q

Identify the image

A

PET scan highlighting enriched glucose = brown fat location

Histology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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