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Histology Unit 1 > Chapter 6 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is ECM made out of? (3)

A
  1. Fibers
  2. Amorphous Ground Substance
  3. Extracellular Fluid
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2
Q

Types of embryonic CT? (2)

A
  1. Mesenchyme
  2. Mucos CT
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3
Q

When does mesenchyme tissue develope?

A

Established early in embryo, only found in the mesoderm

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4
Q

What does mesenchyme tissue give rise to?

A

Various CT of the body

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5
Q

What does mesenchyme CT look like?

A

Small

Uniform

Spindle-shaped cells

3D cellular network

Viscous ground substance with lots of reticular fibers

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6
Q

What type of collogen is reticular fibers? Where are they found? What are they indicitive or?

A

Collagen III, very thin

Indiitive of immaturity (new wound) or of a low force area (ex protected in embyonic fluid)

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of mucous CT?

A

Loose network of collagen fibers

More fibers than mesenchyme

Type I collagen replaces reticular fibers of mesenchyme

Widley-spaced mesenchymal cells = appear fibroblast-like

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8
Q

What is worton’s jelly? Where is it found?

A

A specialized felatin-like ECM

In Mucous CT

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9
Q

Where is mucous CT found?

A

In the umbilical cord

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10
Q

What are the types of CT proper?

A
  1. Loose (areolar)
  2. Dense (could be irregular or regular)
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of loose CT?

A

Thin, sparse like collagen fibers

Lots of ground substance

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12
Q

What occurs at sites with loose CT?

A

Inflammatory and immune reactions

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13
Q

Where is loose CT located? (3)

A
  1. Under the epithelial layer
  2. Glands
  3. Small Blood Vessels
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14
Q

What function does fibrobast serve?

A

Fibroblasts makes all the fibers and ground substance in all CT proper

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15
Q

Why do immune responses happen in loose CT?

A

Loose CT is near blood vessels and the epithelium which is a survalence point for the immune system

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of dense CT?

A

Bundled, web-like collagen

Sparse cells

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17
Q

What does the irregular organization of collagen I in irregular dense CT promote?

A

Increasing the irregularities increases the strength of the CT and decreases tearing

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18
Q

What is the only cell type in dense CT?

A

Fiberblasts

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19
Q

Where is irregular dense CT found? (2)

A
  1. Submucosa
  2. Reticular (deep layer)
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of regular dense CT?

A

Ordered in dense collagen bundles

Minimmal ground substance

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21
Q

Where is dense regular CT found? What is it doing at each location? (3)

A
  1. Tendons - bind muscle to bone
  2. Ligaments - bind bone to bone
  3. Aponeuroses - anchor muscles to broad flattened tendons (ex on palm of hand or footpad)
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22
Q

Are there blood vessels in Dense CT?

A

No

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23
Q

What is the peratindinum? Where is is located? What is its purpose?

A

Surrounds fibers in DCT and is a collection of blood vessels, nerves, and LCT (?)

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24
Q

What two componets make DCT elastic?

A

Collagen I + elastic fibers

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25
Q

What are the 3 components of ECM?

A
  1. Fibers
  2. Ground Substance
  3. Tissue Fluid
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26
Q

What are the 2 main components of CT?

A
  1. Cells
  2. ECM
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27
Q

What are the two types of fibers found in CT?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
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28
Q

What is the most abundent structural component of CT?

A

Collagen

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen?

A

Felxible with high tensile strength

Ineslastic

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30
Q

What is a fribil?

A

The largest collogen strucute made of overlaopping collagen molecules

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31
Q

A collagen molecule is composed of 3 _ chains with every third amino acid being ______

A

Composed of 3 alpha chains

Third amino acid being glycine

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32
Q

List the ordered structure of collogen from smallest to largest

A

Amino acids

Triple amino chains

Collagen molecule

Stagered confirmation

Fibril

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33
Q

alpha chains vary in ____ and ______

A

size and composition

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34
Q

Fibrillar collagen from what kind of bundels?

A

Tight bundles

Type I, II, III, IV

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35
Q

Basement membrane forming collagen

A

Make net like structure

type IV

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36
Q

What are FACITS?

A

Fibular Associated Collagen with Interuppted Triple helices

No packing

Kink acts as connection

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37
Q

What are the 3 main steps of collagen synthesis? (2)

A
  1. Transcription and Translation
  2. Post Translation Modifications
  3. Assembly into Fibers
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38
Q

What post-translation modifications occur in collagen synthesis?

A
  1. Add hydroxyl gorups to Lys and Pro to make hydrogen bonds
  2. Gycolylation at N and C terminus and hydroxy-lysines
  3. Cleavage of globular ends by proteases
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39
Q

What happens if you don’t get the hydroxylation of pro and lys during collagen synthesis?

A

You decrease the amount of type I collagen which leads to weak bones, wounds that don’t heal, and teeth that bleed and fall out

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40
Q

What happens inf you don’t get the glycosylation of specific hydroxy-lys residues?

A

No covalent bonds in fibers, the collagen won’t hold its shpae which means you don’t get any fibrils

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41
Q

What types of collagen form the fibrillar core of type I collagen fibrils? What type is deposited on the fibrillar core?

A

Type V (dictate how think fibril will become - is a FACIT)

and XI

Type I deposited on fibrillar core

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42
Q

What type of collagen does type II collagen fibril associate with? What is its function?

A

Type IX

Type IX connect fiber to ECM components

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43
Q

What are the characteristics of reticular fibers?

A

aka type III collagen

narrow, branching fibrils

thread-like

mesh-like pattern

thin and wispy

44
Q

Where are reticular fibers found? (5)

A
  1. Boundary of CT and epithelium
  2. Adipocytes, small blood vessels, nerves, muscle cells
  3. Embyronic tissue (mesemchyme)
  4. Hematopoietic and lymphatic tissue (anchoring point for lymph node attachment)
  5. Bone Marrow
45
Q

What do elastic fibers allow tissues to do?

A

Stretch and expand

46
Q

Are elastic fibers by themselves?

A

No, they are always in combination with collagen which gives them strength

47
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?

A

Thinner than collagen

Branching patter froms a 3-D network

48
Q

Where are elastic fibers located?

A
  1. Vertebral ligaments - hold the spinal cord together
  2. Larynx - vocal cords, you want gentel recoil back into position
  3. Elastic Arteries - you need it to expand and also come back into position
49
Q

What are the two components of elastic fibers?

A
  1. Elastin - forms the central core
  2. jFibrillin-1 - microbril that forms substrate for elatin deposition
50
Q

What two structural aspects of elastin fibers allow it to stretch and relax? (2)

A
  1. Desmosine covalently bonds to 4 molecules in the elasin which creates kinks
  2. Random coils due to hydrophobic glycine
51
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome? What is it caused by? What is present and what is lacking? Symptoms? What heart condition can this lead to?

A

Marfan’s syndrome is caused by a mutation in fibrilli-1 which causes there to be no microfibrils and so elastin doesn’t organize it self into elastic fibers

Tall, elongates fingers and arms, hallow chest

If there are no elastic fibers in the arota, overtime it won’t snap back into place which can cause an anerasym and aortic dissection which is when the aorta pulls away from the heart

52
Q

What famous person is thought to have had Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Abraham Lincoln

54
Q

What are the characteristics of ground substance?

A

Jello-like consistancy

Viscous, clear substance

High water content

55
Q

What are the three major components of ground substance?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Multiadhesive glycoprotiens
56
Q

What are GAGs?

A

long-chain unbranched polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units

57
Q

What are GAGs responsible for in the ground substance?

A

GAGs provide the physical properties of ground substance like its ability to disperse forces

It does becasue it is anionic. the negative chage draws in cations like Na which water follows and makes it like jello

58
Q

Why do people dink bone broth?

A

It is high in CT which means its high in GAGs which are good fro your skin and hair

59
Q

What is hyaluronic acid? What role does it play in the ground substance in ECM in CT?

A

Hyaluronic acid is the largest GAG by far,

it is a free floating carbohydrate chain

Forms ridgid rod-like structures and is the backbone for proteoglycan aggregates

60
Q

What is a proteoglycan made out of? What is a principal characteristic?

A

Core protien + GAG

It is very anionic (so it draws in a lot of water)

61
Q

What are multiadhesive glycoprotiens? Where are they found? What do they do?

A

They are found in the ground substance and help stabalize the ECM and link the ECM to cell surfaces

62
Q

What four molecules (?) are types of multiadhesive glycoprotiens?

A
  1. Fibronectin (connect basement membrane)
  2. Laminin (connect basement membrane)
  3. Tenascin (found in embryonic mesemchyme)
  4. Osteopontin (connects to calcium in the bone which attracts phoshphates and leads to mineralization)
63
Q

What does tissue fluid in ground substance carry? How quickly does it move?

A

Tissue fluid carries nutrients and oxygen

It moves slowly

64
Q

What are the two overarching cell typs for CT tissue?

A
  1. Resident
  2. Transient - all immune cells
65
Q

What are the four resident cells in CT?

A
  1. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts (have contractile function like muscles)
  2. Macrophages
  3. Mast Cells
  4. Undifferentiated mesenchyme
66
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts in CT?

A

They make everything: all the fibers and the ground substance

They are in every type of CT and they are the most abundant

67
Q

How does the size and abundace of fibroblasts change in a wound?

A

They are more abundant and larger in wounds

They cause scar tissue (?)

68
Q

What are 3 functions of macrophages?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Antigen presentation
  3. Cytokine production
69
Q

While in tissues macrophages are called macrophages, but in the blood they are _____

70
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Secrete mediators of inflammation

Filled with basophilic granules with histamine, histadine, neprin

71
Q

Where do mast cells develop? Where are mature mast cells located?

A

Mast cells develop in bone marrow from hemopoietic stem cell and mature after migrating to CT

Located: skin, hair follicles, glands

72
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells do?

A

They give rise to differentiated cells during repair and formation of new tissue (i.e. wound healitn, neovascularization)

73
Q

What are transeint cells? What do they do?

A

They are cells that come and go from the CT

Primarily immune cells

Responsive to chemotactic signals that recruit cells form blood to CT

74
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mesenchyme Cells

75
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mesenchyme (Embryonic CT)

76
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic)

77
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mucous CT (embryonic)

78
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mucous CT (embryonic)

79
Q

Identify the structure

A

Loose CT (CT Proper)

80
Q

Identify the structure

A

LCT (proper)

81
Q

Identify the structure

A

LCT (proper)

82
Q

Identify the structure

A

Irrecular DCT (proper)

83
Q

Identify the structure

A

Regular DCT (proper)

84
Q

Identify the structure

A

Regular DCT (proper)

85
Q

Identify the structure

A

Regular DCT (proper)

86
Q

Identify the structure

A

Regular DCT (proper)

87
Q

Identify the structure

A

Top: Fibril

Packaging

Collagen molecule

Triple amino chain

amino acid chain, glycine is every 3rd aa

88
Q

Identify the structure

A

Type I Collagen Fibril

89
Q

Identify the structure

A

Type II Collagen Fibril

90
Q

Identify the structure

A

Reticular Fibers (type III collagen fibers)

91
Q

Identify the structure

A

Elastic Fibers

92
Q

Identify the structure

A

Top: core protien

GAG

Hyaluronan

Overall: type I collagen fiber

93
Q

Identify the structure

A

Top: Elastin

Microfibrils (fibrillin - 1)

94
Q

Identify the structure

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

There is a lack of elastin organization on the left due to lack of fibrillin-I

95
Q

Identify the structure

A

Top: GAG

Core protien

96
Q

Identify the structure

A

Multiadhesive Glycoprotiens

97
Q

Identify the structure

A

Fibroblasts

They are larger and more abundent in the bottom image because it is showing wound repair

98
Q

Identify the structure

A

Fibroblasts

99
Q

Identify the structure

A

Macrophages

100
Q

Identify the structure

A

Macrophages

101
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mast cells filled iwth basophillic granules

102
Q

Identify the structure

A

mast cell with basophilic granules

103
Q

Identify the structure

A

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

104
Q

Identify the structure

A

Transient Cells

105
Q

Identify the structure

A

Transient Cells

Histology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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