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Histology Unit 1 > Chapter 7 - Cartilage > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the progression of a cartildge cell starting as MSC?

A

MSC -> Condragenic cell -> Condroblast -> trapped in ECM -> Condrocyte

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2
Q

Is cartilage vascular? What does this mean for the ECM?

A

Cartilage is avascular which means nutrients and waste must move through the ECM. Which means the ECM must be very hydrated and move slowly

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3
Q

What are the 2 functions the hydrated ECM serve?

A
  1. Allows for the diffusion of nutrients etc
  2. Increases pliabilty
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4
Q

What are the two main compotnent of cartilage? At what percentages?

A
  1. Condrocytes
  2. ECM (95%)
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5
Q

What are condrocytes trapped in?

A

Lacunae

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6
Q

What in the ECM allows it to draw in water?

A

The ECM has high GAG and proteoglycans which are anionic, draw in cations, which draw in water

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7
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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8
Q

Which cartilage(s) are surrounded by a perichondrium?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
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9
Q

What makes up the ECM of hyaline cartiledge?

A
  1. Type II collagen
  2. GAGs and proteoglycans
  3. Multi-adhesive protiens
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10
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

It is the site of growth, it houses chondragenic cells

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11
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  1. Fetal skeletal tissue
  2. Rib cage
  3. Nasal vavity, larynx, trachea
  4. Articular Cartilage
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12
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage? What is it’s function? Where is it located?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

Found on the joints of long and short bones

Allows for smooth, fluid movement

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13
Q

What is the ECM made of in Elastic cartilage?

A

Same as hyaline (II collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans,multiadhesive protiens)

PLUS elastic fibers

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14
Q

What do the elastic fibers in elastic cartilage ECM do?

A

They increase stretching capacity

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15
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located? (3)

A
  1. External ear
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Auditory tube
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16
Q

What does fibrocartilage lack that the other two have?

A

A perichondrium

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17
Q

What makes up the ECM of fibrocartalidge?

A

Same material as hyaline cartidage (Type II collogen, GAGs, progetoglycans, multiadhesive protiens)

PLUS type I collogne

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18
Q

What function does the type I collagen fibers in fibrocartilage serve?

A

It increased the strength and allwos for increased impact

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19
Q

Where is fibrocartalege found? (3)

A

Invertebral discs

Meniscis (knee)

Pubic symphysis

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20
Q

What causes asteoarthritus?

A

Cartilage wears away which leads to bone on bone interactions -> inflammation and damage

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21
Q

What are the 4 functiosn of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Resist compresion
  2. Provide cushion and low-friction surface
  3. Structural support
  4. Foundation for development of fetal skeleton
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22
Q

What are the 3 compotents that make up hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Matrix / ECM
  2. Perichondrium
  3. Chondrocytes in lacunae
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23
Q

What are the two main types of collagen found in hyaline cartilage? What are their functions?

A
  1. Type II - strength
  2. Type IX - anchor down components of matrix to create the fluid network
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24
Q

What is an aggrecan? What purpose does it surve in hyaline cartilage matrix?

A

A primary protetoglycan with chondroitin and keratan sulfates

Sulfates carry a neg charge –> –> water

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25
Q

What do mutli-adhesive glycoprotiens do?

A

Act as glue that hold the components of the matrix together

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26
Q

What are the two types of multi-adhesive glycoprotiens that are found in hyaline cartilage matrix? What do they do?

A
  1. Anchorin CII - allows to attach to fibers in matrix
  2. Fibronectin - anchors chondrocytes to matrix
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27
Q

What are the compotents of hyaline cartilage? (5)

A
  1. Water (60-80%)
  2. Collagen (15%)
  3. Aggrecans (9%)
  4. Multi-adhesive protiens (5%)
  5. Condrocytes (3-5%)
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28
Q

What are the two layers of the perichondrium?

A
  1. Outer Fibrous layer: fibroblasts, make type I collagen
  2. Inner chondogenic layer: condrogenic cells that differentiate into condroblasts and then into condrocytes
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29
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Dense irregular collagenous CT membrane that surround cartilage on the ourside

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30
Q

What two cartilages don’t have a perichondrium?

A

Articular Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

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31
Q

When chondrocytes group together what are they called?

A

Isogenous groups

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32
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

Synthesize and maintian the ECM

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33
Q

What gives chondrocytes thier vaculoe apperence or emptiness?

A

High glycogen and lipid stores

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34
Q

What are the 3 zones of matrix materials between chondrocytes?

A
  1. Pericellular/capsular matrix
  2. Territorial matrix
  3. Interterritorial matrix
35
Q

What is the pericellular/capsular matrix?

A

Dark outline around the lacune

It is the border between terretirial and interterritorial matrix

36
Q

What is the territorial matrix?

A

Located within the lucunae

High in proteoglycans and ECM compotents

Dark apperence

37
Q

What is the interterritorial matrix?

A

Between confrodytes

Low in proteoglycans

Light stain

38
Q

What make the zones of matrix materials stain lighter or darker?

A

Increased proteoglycans = darker stain

Less proteoglycans = lighet stain

39
Q

What is the hyaline histogenesis?

A

MSC -> developing cartilage (round and close) = chondrogenic blastema -> release matrix and begin distacning = chondroblasts -> trapped in lacunae with limited proliferation = isogenous gorups of chondrocytes

40
Q

Appositional growth

A

formation of new carilage at surface of existing cartilage

41
Q

Intersitial growth

A

formation of new cartilage within existing cartilage

42
Q

What is matrix turnover?

A

The idea that there is continuous tissue remodeling thorughout life

If there is a loss of ECM or increase in forces, condrocytes replace and replinish the matrix

43
Q

Talk me through endochondral ossification

A
  1. increae in blood vessels > increased O2 in the environment
  2. Perichondrim > periosteum > bone collor > makes osteocytes
  3. Limited diffusion of nutrients through cartilage > condrocytes reabsorb ECM > hyperdiated > condrocyte death
  4. Hallowing out of the primary ossification center > create marrow cavity > invasion of disaphysis = periosteal bud
  5. All happens again at secondary ossification center
44
Q

What parts of the bone are the diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, and periostium?

A

Diaphysis = long part, shaft

Epiphysis = ends

Metaphysis = between the two

Periostium = surrounds the bone (identical to perichondrium but with osteogenic cells that become osteocytes)

45
Q

What are the five zones of the epiphysial plate?

A
  1. Zone of reserve cartilage
  2. Zone of porliferation - stacks of coins
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
  5. Zone of reabsorption
46
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage? (2)

A
  1. Provides flexible, elastic support
  2. REsilience and pliability
47
Q

Does elastic cartilage become calcified with age?

A

No

48
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage? (3)

A
  1. Shock absorption
  2. Resistance of compression and shearing forces
  3. Support and rigidity
49
Q

Which cartilage is the strongest?

A

Fibrocartilage becasue of the type I colloagen

50
Q

What are fibroblasts responsible for making in fibrocartilage? What about the chondrocytes?

A

Fibroblasts make type I colloagan

Chondrocytes make type II collagen and aggrecan

51
Q

What happens when you have a herniated disc?

A

There is a ruprure in the anulus fibrosus that cuases the nuclus pulposes to spill out and pinch a nerve

52
Q

What are the two layers of an intervertebral disc?

A
  1. Anulus fibrosous - external protective layer
  2. Nuclues pulpous - soft inner core; protien gel and loose fibers

Stress goes to nuclues pulpos adn then migrates out to anulus fibrosous

53
Q

Identify the image

A

Hyaline Cartilage

54
Q

Identify the image

A

Fibrocaritlage

55
Q

Identify the image

A

Elastic Cartilage

56
Q

Identify the image

A

Elastic Cartilage

57
Q

Identify the image

A

Hyaline Cartilage in fetal skeleton

58
Q

Identify the image

A

Hyaline Cartilage

59
Q

Identify the image

A

Perichondrial Fibroblast

Perichondrium

Chondroblast

Cartilage

Interteriirtorial Matrix

Chondrocyte

Territorial Matrix

60
Q

Identify the image

A

Haylaine Matrix

Type II collagen

Type IX collogen

61
Q

Identify the image

A

Perichondrium (fibrous layer)

Chrongenic layer

Isogenous groups

Territorial matrix

Interterritiorial matrix

62
Q

Identify the image

A

Neighboring DCT

P = perichondrium

chondrogenic layer

matrix

63
Q

Identify the image

A

Territorial Matrix, Interterritiroal matrix. periceullular/capsular matrix

64
Q

Identify the image

A

Isogenous groups

65
Q

Identify the image

A

Mesenchyme Cells

66
Q

Identify the image

A

Chondrogenic Blastema

67
Q

Identify the image

A

Chondroblasts and ECM

68
Q

Identify the image

A

Isogenous groups of chondrocytes

69
Q

Identify the image

A

Mesenchyme tissue

Developing Cartilage

70
Q

Identify the image

A

Endochonral Ossification

Upper panel (short bone, monkey)

  1. Hyaline cartilage model forms
  2. Cartilage cells become hypertrophic
  3. Matrix becomes calcified
  4. Periosteal bone forms around cartilage model

Lower panel (fetal finger, human)

Steps 1-4 à perivascular cells from periosteum have invaded the shaft of the cartilage model, resulting in formation of a cavity.

Within epiphysis, erosion of calcified cartilage occurs, creating spicules of cartilage where bone can form. (EB, endochondral bone)

71
Q

Identify the image

A

5 zones of the epiphysial plate

  1. Reserve Cartilage
  2. Proliferation - coins
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Calcified Cartilage
  5. Reabsorption
72
Q

Identify the image

A

Elastic Cartilage

73
Q

Identify the image

A

Elastic Cartilage

74
Q

Identify the image

A

Elastic Cartilage

75
Q

Identify the image

A

Fibrocartilage

76
Q

Identify the image

A

Fibrocartilage

77
Q

What three characteristics about cartilage limit its ability to repair?

A
  1. Avascular
  2. Chondrocyte immobility - can’t move to injury
  3. Limited replication of mature chondrocytes
78
Q

What does injurty to cartilage stimulate?

A

Bone formation

79
Q

What are the two phases of repairing a cartilage ingury as physician?

A
  1. Take cartilage from uninjured area and grow cells in vitro
  2. Implant; clean up the edges, patch over injuered area with periosteum and impoant cells under the patch
80
Q

What three normal occurences cause hyaline cartilage to calficy? What does calcification decrease?

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Endochondral ossification
  3. Aging process

Calcification decreases diffusion

81
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Decrease in cartilage > bone on bone > bone spurs, breakdown, inflammation

As you increase pressure > breakdown in hyaline cartilage (proteoglycans and GAGs in matrix) > lose hydration and cushion

82
Q

Identify the image

A

Calcification of cartilage

83
Q

Identify the image

A

Loss of cartilage as pressure increases

Histology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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