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Histology Unit 1 > Chapter 5 - Apical, Lateral, Basal Domains > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Apical, Lateral, Basal Domains Flashcards

1
Q

What does the apical domain face?

A

Free space

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2
Q

What are the 5 modifications you can have on the apical domain?

A
  1. Enzymes (ex GI tract)
  2. Ion Channels (signaling)
  3. Carrier Protiens (nutrients in, waste out)
  4. Structural (microvilli, steriocilia, cilia)
  5. Receptors (monitor environment)
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3
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

They increase surface area and absorptive capacity

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4
Q

What is the structure of microvilli?

A
  • Interrior has 20-30 long actin flilaments in its core which connect to villin at the top and terminal web at the bottom
  • the terminal web is made of mysoin II
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5
Q

What kind of movement does microvilli do? how?

A

Performs active movement via the myosin II that make up the termial web - it contacts and relaxes which move the microvilli open and close which pulls the fluid closer ot the tissue

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6
Q

What is microvillous atrophy (MVA)? What causes it? What are the symptoms? When does it develope?

A

MVA is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the MIO 5V protien

The microvilli never make it to the apical side of the epithelial tissue, they remain stuck in the cells

Symptoms are chronic and severe diarreha, malnutrition, stunted growth, inability to gain weight

Develops hours/days after birth

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7
Q

What is the function of sterocilia (stereovilli)?

A

Facilitate absoption

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8
Q

What is the strucutre of sterocillia (stereovilli)?

A

100x longer than microvilli

core of actin filament (no villi or terminal web)

reinforced by cytoplasmic bridges made of alpha-actin at the base and throughout the length

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9
Q

Where are cilia located?

A

Present of nearly every cell in the body

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10
Q

What are the 3 classifications of cilia?

A
  1. Motile Cilia
  2. Nodal Cilia
  3. Primary Cilia
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11
Q

What is the axonemal organization of motile cilia? What kind of movement does this lead to?

A

9 + 2

180 windsheild wiper motion

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12
Q

What is the function of motile cilia?

A

Move particles and fluid across the epithelial surface

ex) in ovaduct and respiratory tract

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13
Q

What protein attaches the duplets to the central axonemal? What is it responsible for?

A

Dinen which is thus responsible for movement

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14
Q

What two protiens help attach the central microtubles in motile cilia? What is thier function?

A

Flexin and Radiospokes

Controls who responds

Responsible for elasticity

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15
Q

What is the axonemal organization of nodal cilia? What motion does this result in?

A

9 + 0

360 clockwise rotation

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16
Q

What is the function of nodal cillia?

A

Dispurse developemental signals in fetus/embryo development

Establish asymettry in organs

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17
Q

What is Situs Invertus Totalis? Which cilia is non-functional?

A

Reversal of internal organs

Mutation in nodal cilia - you don’t get the proper dispursment of developmental signals in embryo

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18
Q

What is the axonemal organization of primary cilia (monocilia)? What do primary cilia lack? What motion does this result in?

A

9 + 0

Lack dinen

Only passive movement

Chemical, light, and mechanical stimuli

ex) kindey fluid moves tubules which causes the release of Calcuium and begin absorption

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19
Q

What is Kartanger Syndrome? Symptoms? Cause?

A

Lack dynein which affect the nodal and motile cilia

Upper respiratory infections, sterilization if you’re man, and situs inversus totalis

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20
Q

Name the strucure and identify 3 prominent features which are key in the structure.

A

Microvillus

Villin at the tip

Actin throughout the structure

Terminal web to anchor at the bottom

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21
Q

What illness is being shown here?

A

MVA - microcillous atrophy

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22
Q

What is this?

A

Stereovillia (stereovilli)

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23
Q

What illness is being shown here?

A

Kartanger Syndrome

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24
Q

What structure is this?

A

Cilia

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25
Q

What structure is this?

A

Primary Cilia (monocilia)

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26
Q

Where are terminal bars located? What is thier function?

A

Located on the lateral membrane

Poliginal bands that encirle each other and act as cell-to-cell attachemtn sites

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27
Q

What are the three types of junctional complexes?

A
  1. Occuluding Junction
  2. Anchoring Junction
  3. Communicating Junction
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28
Q

What is the function of occluding junctions? What do they look like?

A

Established polarity; kepps protiens and lipids at the apical domian

Impermeable barrier; doesn’t allow exterior water through

It is a poliginal band around the apical region

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29
Q

What are occluding junctions made out of? (3)

A

Occludin - maintians barreir

Claudins - form backbone of each strand and extracellular aqueous junctions

Junctional adhesion molecules (JAM) - associated with claudins

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30
Q

Will increasing claudins increase or decrease permiability?

A

Increase permiabilit

31
Q

What direction is trancellular movement?

A

Across the apical domain

32
Q

What direction is paracellular movement?

A

Moving away from apical domain and towards basal domain

33
Q

Is the transcellular pathway in occluding junctions active or passive transport? What about the paracellular pathway?

A

Transcellular is active

Paracellular is passive, it is contingent on tightness of zonula occluens

34
Q

Why are occluding junctions attacked by enteric pathogens?

A

If you attack the occludins and claudins then you break down the junctions

If you breakdown the junctions you get increased fluid movemet from CT to the lumen which causes diareah

It disrupts the barrier protecting deeper tissues and blood vessels

35
Q

What are the two types of anchoring junctions?

A
  1. Zonula Adherens
  2. Maculae Adherens
36
Q

What is the function of anchoring junctions? (3)

A
  1. Mechanical stability by linking the cytoplams of two adjacent cells together
  2. Create and maintian structural integrity
  3. Signal transduction pathway
37
Q

Where are zonula adherens located? What is the function of the zonula adherens?

A

Rest immediatly below zonula occulins and form a polifinal band around the cell

Interacts with acin in its cell and adjacent cells, so movements in both cells can be synchronized

38
Q

What protien is the zonula adherens composed of? What does it interact with specifically?

A

E-cadherins “fuzzy plaque”

Homotypic interaction: e-cadherin to e-cadherin

Calcium dependent - junctions will fall apart without calcium

39
Q

Where are the macula adherens (desmosomes) located? What do they interact with? What is their function?

A

Found throughout the lateral membrane

Interadt with intermediate fillaments

Moves the cytoplams of its cell and the adjacent cell synchronisly

Provide support - hold the cells together; often in stratified tissue

40
Q

What are mecula adherens (desmosome) composed of? What structure do they form?

A

Desmapankins and Placoglobins form the thick plaques

Desmogeins and Desmocollins are betwen the plaques (are also calcium dependent)

Form the cadherin “zipper”

41
Q

Where are communication junctions located? What is thier function?

A

Dispered throughout lateral domain

Permits the diffusion of small maolecules; ions, regulatory molecules, and small metabolies between cells

Helps maintain organ homeostais

42
Q

What are the subunits of communication junctions? How many subunits does each cell have to make 1 junction?

A

Channels are formed by connexons

Each cells has 1/2 a connexon which fomr a cylindrical structue with a central pore

Each connexon has 6 subunits that can rotate together to open/close the central pore

43
Q

What are Plicae? Where are they found?

A

Plicae are infoldings of the lateral membrane

44
Q

What is the function of plicae? How do they work?

A

They increase the surface area which increases absoption ability

They are abundant in Na/K ATPase channels; Na leaves and inters the intracellular regions, water follows becasue diffusion, and then the fluid builds up causing swelling and moves toward the blood vessels

45
Q

What structure are the arrows pointing to?

A

Terminal Bars

46
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Occluding Junctions

47
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Occulding Junctions

48
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Occluding Junctions

49
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Occluding Junctions

50
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Occluding junctions

51
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Anchoring Junctions

52
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Zonula Adherens

E-cadherin = fuzzy plaque

53
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Macula Adherens

Thick Plaques = desmaplankins and placoglobulins

Between plaques = desmogleins and desmocollins

54
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Macula Adherens

55
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Communication/gap junctions

56
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Communication / gap junction

57
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the basal domian?

A
  1. Attach epithelial cell to connective tissue
  2. Compartmentalization
  3. Filtration; both ions and molecules by size
  4. Tissue Scaffolding
  5. Polarity Induction
58
Q

What are the two components of the basal membrane? Which component stems from which cell?

A
  1. Basal Lamina - from epithelial tissue
  2. Lamina Reticularis - from CT
59
Q

What staining do we use on basement membranes since HandE doesn’t work very well?

A

PAS staining

60
Q

What are the four main groups that compose the basal lamina?

A
  1. Collogen type IV
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Laminin
  4. Glycoproteins
61
Q

What is the function of collogen IV in the basal lamina?

A

Structure

Anchors the fibrils

Creates a net like structue

62
Q

What is the function of proteoglycans in the basal lamina?

A

Protoglycans are anionic; gives basal lamina a negative chage to filter ions

63
Q

What is the function of the laminin in the basallamina?

A

Links to the integrins of the epithelium

64
Q

What is the function of the glycoprotiens in the basal lamina? What two protiens are there?

A

Link the laminin and type IV collogen

Entactin - forms bridges

Nidogen - acts as reinforcement

65
Q

What are focal adhesions? Where are they located? What is thier function?

A

Located in the basal lamina

Anchor actin filaments through integrins to the ECM glycoprotiens

Important for mechanosensitivity

66
Q

What are hemidesmosomes? Where are they located? What is thier function?

A

Located in the basal lamina

Anchor intermediate filaments to laminins through integrins

Reinforce adhesion to CT below to prevent tears in heigh stress regions

67
Q

Whare the the two types of Cell-to-ECM junctions?

A
  1. Focal Adhesions
  2. Hemidesmosomes
68
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Basal Lamina

69
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Basal Lamina

70
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Basal Lamina

71
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Basal Lamina

72
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Focal Adhesions

73
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

Hemidesmosomes

Histology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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