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Histology Unit 1 > Chapter 8 - Bone > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Bone Flashcards

1
Q

How do bone cells develop?

A

MSC > osteoprogenetors > osteoblast make matrix > encased in matrix and mineralization = osteocyte

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2
Q

What causes the differentiation from chondrocytes to osteocytes?

A

An increase in O2

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3
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Osteocytes

Type I and V collogen

Little ECM/group dubstant

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4
Q

What functions does bone provide?

A

Support

Protection of internal organs

Produces hormones: parathyroid and calcitonin

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5
Q

Does bone get high or low diffusion of nutrients? Why?

A

Low diffusion because it has very little ground substance

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6
Q

What two types of mulitadhesive glycoproteins are found in bone? What are their functions?

A
  1. Osteonectin - adhesive bewtwwen collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals
  2. Osteopontin - attaches cells to bone matrix
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7
Q

What fibers so you find in bone? What are their functions?

A

Type I collagen - structure

Type V collagen - support

Traces of other collagens

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8
Q

What GAGs and Proteoglycans can you find in bone? What do they contribute to?

A

Hyaluronan Chondroitin sulfate

Keratin sulfate

All contribute to compressive strength

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9
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Rays extending from osteocytes toward the center of the osteon

Tunnels between adajent osteocytes

Connect by gap junctions

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10
Q

What are the 4 bone associated cell types?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Bone-lining cells (remain when bone isn’t growing)
  4. Osteoclasts
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11
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Compact (dense)
  2. Spongy (cancellous)
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12
Q

What are the 4 types of bone?

A
  1. Long bone
  2. Short bone
  3. Flat bone (ex skull, sternum)
  4. Irregular (vertebrae)
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13
Q

Characteristics of compact bone?

A

Highly organized , dense

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14
Q

What are the holes in spongy tissue filled with?

A

Marrow

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15
Q

What are the three regions of the long bone?

A
  1. Epiphysis - on either end, spongy bone
  2. Metaphysis - where flairing occurs. Contains epiphysial plate
  3. Diaphysis - shaft, dense bone
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16
Q

What surrounds the entire bone execept on the very ends?

A

Periosteum

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17
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

outer layer: dense fibrous CT

inner layer: osteogenic layer

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18
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Lines compact bone facing marrow cavity and trabeculae (plates?) of spongy bone

Houses osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q

What does the marrow cavity consist of?

A

Blood cells and netowk of fibers

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20
Q

Red marrow vs yellow marrow

A

Red marrow is found in kid, more hematopoietic cells and RBC

Yellow marrow is found in adults, more adipose tissue

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21
Q

Osteon

A

Concentric lamallae that surround the haversian canal

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22
Q

Canaliculi

A

Passage for substances between osteocytes and blood vessels also tunnels connecting osteocytes

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23
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Result from bone remodeling

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24
Q

Volkman’s canals

A

connect perioteal and endosteal surfaces to the haversian canal (middle of the osteon)

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25
Q

Is bone vascular or avascular?

A

Bone is highly vascular

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26
Q

What are nutrient foramina?

A

Openings in bone that allow blood vessels access to marrow

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27
Q

Of epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphyses which are the most rich is vasculature?

A

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

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28
Q

How do osteoclasts develop?

A

Granulocyte/monocyte progenetor > osteoclast

Similar in function to macrophages

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29
Q

What two types of cells can osteoblasts differentiate into?

A

Osteocyte

Bone-lining

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30
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

Inner layer of perioesum

Lining of marrow cavities, haversian canals, Volkmann’s cannals

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31
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cell

Secrete osteiod

Secrete ALP

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32
Q

What do osteoblasts look like?

A

Cuboidal in shape

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33
Q

What is osteoid?

A

unmineralized bone matrix

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34
Q

What is ALP? What does it do?

A

Alkaline phophatase Initiate bone mineralization

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35
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintain bone matrix

Respond to mechanical forces applied to bone

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36
Q

What are osteocytes encased in?

A

Lacuna

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37
Q

How do osteocytes respond to different pressure??

A

Weighlessnes = reabsoption > decreased matrix

Quiescent = low matrix turn over, low rough ER

Formative = high rough ER and golgi bodies > creation of matrix

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38
Q

What do osteocytes do during reabsorption?

A

Increase the breakdown of calcium phosphate

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39
Q

What do bone-lining cells do?

A

Function in maintainence and nutritional support of osteocytes

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40
Q

Where do you find bone-lining cells?

A

Located on a bone surface where remodelign is NOT occuring ex) Periosteal cell (external bone surface)

ex) Endosteal cell (internal bone surface)

41
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Bone reabsorption

42
Q

When remodeling what type of bone cell increases?

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

What cell make the resorption bay / Howship’s lacuna?

A

Made by osteoclasts

44
Q

What are the three regions of the resorption bay and what do they do?

A
  1. Ruffled Boarder; microvilli extentions that release protons to increase the acidity which then causes bone demineralization and releases digestive fluid which breaks down collagen and matrix
  2. Basolateral region; excytosis the minerals and broken down collagen and matrix
  3. Clear zone; forms tight seal that allows osteoclasts to tightly fix to bone
45
Q

What are the two types of bone formation?

A
  1. Intramembrounous ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification
46
Q

Intramembrounous ossifcation

A

MSC > osteoblasts

Flat bones, peripheral long/short bones

47
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Hyalin cartilage replaced with bone

Bones of extrematies and weight-bearing axial skeleton

48
Q

Intramembranous Ossification (5 steps)

A
  1. Ossification center forms (MSC > osteoprogenitor cells)
  2. Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix, forming trabeculae
  3. Trabeculae become interconnected (woven)
  4. Periosteum form
  5. Lamellar bone replaces immature bone
49
Q

When does intramembranous ossification occure?

A

During the 8th week of gustation

50
Q

Talk me through intramembranous ossification in your own words

A

Ossification center forms > osteogenetor cells > grow in size and become rounder > produce matrix > osteoblasts > calcification > osteocytes > trabeculae islands of bone > eventually become interconnected = woven, but irregular > periostieum forms creating fibrous cap around immature bone > llamellar bone replaces immature bone

51
Q

What is an example of intramembranous ossification?

A

The growth of the skull in a newborn to replace the soft spots on its head 1-2 month = mesynchyme tissue 7

-19 months = intramembraneous ossification

52
Q

What is endochrondral ossification?

A

Bone growth within hyaline cartilage

53
Q

What are the 6 steps to endochronral ossification?

A
  1. Bony collar forms
  2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy and initiate calcifications
  3. Calcified cartialege degenerates adn becomes invaded by a periosteal bud
  4. Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix on surface of calcified cartilege
  5. Secondary ossification center forms in epiphysis
  6. Hyaline cartilige only remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
54
Q

When does endrochrondrial ossification occur?

A

Begins at 12 weeks of gustation

55
Q

External and internal remodeling maintain proper proportions and shape of bone

A

True

56
Q

What two types of cones does the bone remodeling unit consist of?

A
  1. Advancing cutting cone / resoption canal
  2. Closing cone
57
Q

What is the cutting cone in the bone remodeling unit consist of? (cell type)

A

Osteoclasts

58
Q

What is the closing cone in the bone remodeling unit consist of? (cell type)

A

Ostoblasts

59
Q

How is the bone remodeled? What is the process?

A

The advancing cutting cone creates a hole in existing bone the size of the osteon > osteoclasts (cutting cone) leave > ostoblasts (closing cone) attach and release osteoid > calcification > osteocytes Repeat until osteonal canal forms

60
Q

What is the purpose of the endosteal layer during bone remodeling?

A

The endosteal layer is full of osteoprogeneter cells which can give rise to new cells as needed

61
Q

What are the two parts of naming bone?

A
  1. Compact or Spongy
  2. Woven or llamelar
62
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Outer, fibrous layer Inner, cellular layer

63
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Single cell layer next to the marrow

64
Q

What happens when you get a fracture?

A

Facture > immune response > hematoma > stabalizes fracture for the time being Macrophages chew at necrotic bone and decrease the blood clot > create soft callous (type I and II collagen) = bainaid to hold the bone together > recruitment > intramembranous ossification in two locations >>>

65
Q

What is osteopetrosis? Symptoms? What causes it?

A

Bones are extremely dense and lack marrow cavity = very brittle

Weaker because they lack O2 and nutrients

Defective osteoclasts

66
Q

What is rickets? Symptoms? Cause? Who does it effect?

A

Abnormal bone calcification in growing bone

Short, bowed legs

Caused by poor dietary calcium or vitamin D

Defficeint Ca and Vitamin D > lack of calcification

Effects children

67
Q

Osteomalacia; symptoms? cause? who does it effect?

A

Weakend bones

Unusually thick uncalcified matrix

Poor dietary Calcium or Vitamin D

Effects Adults

68
Q

Osteoporosis; symptoms? cause? who does it effect?

A

Osteoclasts are messed up

More bone loss than bone formation

Extensive spongy bone inside

It can occur in post-menopausal women (decrease in Estrogen > decreased bone formation because osteoclasts need pro-inflammatory cytokines to form?)

69
Q

5 zones of epiphysial/growth plate?

A
  1. Reserve cartilage; osteocytes are NOT undergoing interstitial growth
  2. Porliferation; bigger cells and interstitial growth > isogenous groups (stacks of coints)
  3. Hypertrophy; bony collar on outside
  4. Calcified cartilage; even bigger cells, cells start to die > gives osteoblasts (?) a place to attach
  5. Reabsroption; cartilage disappear and is entirely bone
70
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteocytes and Bone-Associated Cells

71
Q

Identify the image

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

72
Q

Identify the image

A
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Metaphysis
  3. Diaphysis
  4. Metaphysis
  5. Epiphysis
  6. Articular cartilage on articular surface
  7. Epiphyseal line
  8. Spongy bone
  9. Marrow cavity
  10. Periosteum
  11. Compact bone
  12. Spongy bone
  13. Epiphyseal line
  14. Articular cartilage on articular surface
73
Q

Identify the image

A
  1. Osteonal artery
  2. Collagen fibers
  3. Interstitial lamellai
  4. Osteon
  5. Outer circumferential lamellae
  6. Periostuem
  7. Osteocyte and lacuna
  8. Haversian canal
  9. Osteonal endosteum
  10. Lamellae of bone
  11. Volkmann’s canal
  12. Inner circumferential lamellae
  13. Endosteum
74
Q

Identify the image

(Just top box and 3 on the right)

A

Articular cartilage

Epiphysis

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

75
Q

Identify the image

A

Cartilage

Bone-lining cells

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor cells

Mesenchymal stem cells

Granulo/monocyte progenitor

Inactive osteoclast

Active osteoclasts

Endosteal cells

76
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

77
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteoblasts

78
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteocytes

Quiescent

Formative

Resorptive

79
Q

Identify the image

A

Bone-lining cells

80
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteoclasts

81
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteoclast

Clear Zone

Ruffled Border

(top section is basolateral region)

82
Q

Identify the image

A

Instramembraneous Ossification

83
Q

Identify the image

A

Intremembranious ossification

  1. Ossification center forms
  2. Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix, froming rabeculae
  3. Trabeculae become interconnected (woven bone)
  4. Periosteum forms
84
Q

Identify the image

A

Dark pink = trabeculli

Osteoblasts - line the trabeculli

Bone froms around blood vessels

85
Q

Identify the image

A

Endochondral Ossification

86
Q

Identify the image

A
  1. Reserve cartilage
  2. Proliferation
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Calcified Cartilage
  5. Resorption
87
Q

Identify the image

A
  1. Zone of reserved cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
  5. Zone of resorption
88
Q

Identify the image

A

Bone Formation - bone remodeling unit

89
Q

Identify the disease - bowed legs

A

Rickets

90
Q

Identify the disease/injury

A

Repair of a bone fracture

91
Q

Identify the disease

A

Osteopetrosis

92
Q

Identify the disease

A

Osteopetrosis

93
Q

Identify the image

A

Condrocytes

Repair of a bone fracture

94
Q

Identify the image

A

Osteocytes

Repair of a bone fracture

95
Q

Identify the disease

A

Osteomalacia

96
Q

Identify the disease

A

Osteoporosis

97
Q

Identify the disease

A

Osteoporosis

98
Q

Identify the disease

A

Epiphysial / growth plate

99
Q
A

Histology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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