chapter 9

Question 1

two types of bone tissue
\_\_\_\_\_(compact bone): very dense tissue making up 80% of the skeleton
outer surface of all bones
many small bones(wrists hands feet)
\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone (spongy):
scaffolding on the inside of bones; supports cortical bone and makes up 20% of skeleton
faster \_\_\_\_ rate
sensitive to \_\_\_\_
fracture

Answer 1

cortical
trabecular
turnover
change

Question 2

increase in bone size
begins in womb
rapi between birth - 2 years
completed by age __ in girls __ in boys

Answer 2

bone growth
18
21

Question 3

shaping of bone
begins in womb
bone thickness with stress

Answer 3

bone modeling

Question 4

2 step process of recycling bone tissue
replace old bone tissue, repair fractures, strengthened stressed areas, release calcium into blood
______: surface of bones is broken down
_____: cells that erode the surface of bones
formation of new bone by cells called _____
- produce ____ Containing component of bone

Answer 4

bone remodeling
resorption
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
collagen

Question 5

compactness (strength of bones
peak bone density is reached before the age of \_\_, can be reducd by several factors
-late \_\_\_\_\_
inadequate \_\_\_\_ 
low body weight
physical inactivity
in 30s, \_\_\_\_\_ maintains bone density
begins to decrease after age \_\_\_ because resportion exceeds new bone formation
loss of height as we age

Answer 5

bone density
30
puberty/menstruation
calcium
remodeling
40

Question 6

measures bone density

non invase procedure that uses x ray energy

Answer 6

DXA

Question 7

the most abundant major mineral in the body
99% is found in \_\_\_\_\_
1% in \_\_\_\_\_
functions:
forms and mantains bones and teeth
assists w acid base balance
transmission of \_\_\_ impulsses
assisnts in muscle contraction
\_\_\_\_\_: inadequate calcium
\_\_\_\_\_\_: excess blood calcium
sources: skim milk, low fat cheese, nonfat yogurt, green leafy veggies, calcium fortified juice, nut mils, tofu
binding factors:
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_

Answer 7

calcium
bones
blood + soft tissues
nerve
calcium tetany
calcium rigor
phytates
oxalate

Question 8

RDA for calcium

Answer 8

1000 to 1200 mg a day

Question 9

degree to which a nutrient is absorbed
calcium bioavailability depends on need and age
infants and children: \_\_\_
pregnant and lactating women - \_\_\_
healthy adults - \_\_\_
older adults - \_\_\_

Answer 9

bioavailability
60
50
30
25

Question 10

too much calcium?
excess calcium is excreted in ___
calcium supplements can lead to mineral imbalances
___ stones
______ - can be caused by cancer and overproduction of PTH
calcium deposits in _____
not enough calcium?
most americans dont
_______: can be caused by kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency
muscle spasms and convulsions

Answer 10

feces
kidney
hypercalcemia
soft tissue
hypocalcemia

Question 11

vitamin D
fat soluble vitamin
excess is stored in ___ and __
can be synthesized by the body by exposure to ___
is a ____ bc it is synthesized in one location and acts in another
functions:
required for ___ and ____ absorption
regulatets blood calcium levels
stimulates _____
necessary for calcificationof bones
sources:
- most naturally contain little vitamin D
__ (engocalciferol) - plant foods
__ (calciferol) - animal foods
most is obtained from fortified foods + sun

Answer 11

liver, fat
sun
hormone
calcium, phosphorus
osteoclasts
D2
D3

Question 12

too much vitamin D?
occurs from vitamin supplements, not exposure to sunlight
hypercalcemia
not enough?
calcium absorption 10-15%
occurs with dieseases that reduce intestinal absoprotion of fat and limited exposure to sun
_____ - occurs in children; inadequate mineralization of bones
_____ - loss of bone mass in adults

Answer 12

rickets

osteomalacia

Question 13

fat soluble vitamin
stored in the liver
forms
\_\_\_\_\_ dietary form
\_\_\_\_\_ animal form produced by bacteria
functions:
- blood \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (prothrombin synthesis)
bone \_\_\_\_\_ (ostocalcin synthesis)

sources: greens, veggie oils

Answer 13

vitamin K
phllquinone
menaquinone
coagulation
metabolism

Question 14

too much vitamin K?
no side effects from large quantities or supplements
not enough?
reduced blood ____ excessive bleeding

Answer 14

blood clotting

Question 15

primary intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
functions:
critical to mineral composition of bone 
\_\_ in bone
required for proper fluid balace
component of ATP, DNA, membranes
sources:
high in \_\_\_ containing foods such as milk, eggs, meat
in processed foods as an additive
in soft drinks as \_\_\_\_\_ acid

Answer 15

phosphorus (phosphate)
85%
protein
phosphoric acid

Question 16

too much phosphorus?
calcium drawn from bones to neutralize
caffine may increase calcium loss
not enough?
rare in healthy adults

Answer 16

phosphorus

Question 17

a mineral in bone structure
bones contain __-__%
cofactor for over 300 enzyme system
nuts grains, legumes

Answer 17

magnesium

50-60

Question 18

too much magnesium?
no toxicity in food
not enough?
_____ can result in low blood calcium and osteoporosis

Answer 18

hypomagnesia

Question 19

development and maintanence of teeth + bones
___ of the bodys is stored in ___ and ____
calcium + fluoride + phosphorus - ________; tooth enamel stronger which proteccts teeth from cavities
sources
fluoridated dental products + water

Answer 19

fluoride
teeth and bones
fluorhydroapatite

Question 20

too much fluoride
____ creates prous tooth enamel, teeth become stained and pitter
not enough?
dental ____

Answer 20

fluorosis

cavities

Question 21

disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue
fragile bones
decreased height
shortening and hunching of ___
___ is a factor becasue bone mass decreases w age
older adults are less able to absorb vitamin __
____ is a risk factor
most are ____ bc they have lower bone density
____ - affects hormones in bone formation and resorption
___ - bone density lower
____ - calcium is lost in urine
nutrtion
high ____ diets cause calcium loss
high ____ diets lead to urinary calcium loss
_____ influences risk
no cure

Answer 21

osteoporosis
spine
age
D
gender
women
tobacco
alcohol
caffeine
protein
soduum
physical inactivity