chapter 4

Question 1

produced by plants through photosynthesis

principle form of carbohydrate in blood

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

contain only 1 or 2 molecules

Answer 2

simple carbs

Question 3

glucose, fructose, galactose

Answer 3

monosaccharides

Question 4

lactose, maltose, sucrose

Answer 4

disaccharides

Question 5

contain many molecules

starch, glycogen, fiber

Answer 5

complex carbs

Question 6

most abundant in our diet; good energy source; primary carb in blood; main source of energy

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

sweetest natural sugar; found in fruit; high corn syrup

Answer 7

fructose

Question 8

does not occur alone in foods; binds with glucose to form lactose

Answer 8

galactose

Question 9

produced during complex carb digestion

molecules join

Answer 9

maltose

glucose + glucose

Question 10

found in sugar cane, sugar beets, honey

Answer 10

sucrose

glucose + fructose

Question 11

plant storage of glucose

Answer 11

starch

Question 12

storage form of glucose in animals + humans

stored in liver + muscles

Answer 12

glycogen

Question 13

the non digestible skeleton of plants

Answer 13

dietary fiber

Question 14

nondigestible carbohydrate, known health effects, extracted from plants or manufactured and added to foods

Answer 14

functional fiber

Question 15

dissolves in water
fermented by bacteria in colon
found in citrus fruits, berries, oats, and beans
reduces risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

soluble fiber

Question 16

do not dissolve in water
not fermented by bacteria
found in whole grains
promote regular bowel movements

Answer 16

insoluble fibers

Question 17

production of ketones due to high amount of fat metabolism

fasting, low carb intake, vigorous exercise

Answer 17

ketosis

Question 18

enzyme produced in the salivary glands and secreted into the mouth
begins breakdown of starch into ____ and into ______
stops when food reaches ____

Answer 18

salivary amylase
maltose
shorter polysaccharides
stomach

Question 19

enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into small intestine
enzymatically digests starch to ____

Answer 19

pancreatic amylase

maltose

Question 20

a hormone secreted by the pancreas - ___ cells
when blood glucose is elevated: helps transport glucose into cells
stimulates the liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to _______

Answer 20

insulin
beta
glycogen

Question 21

hormone secreted by pancreas - ____
when blood glucose drops
stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver to glucose to make glucose available to cells of the body
stimulates ______ - the production of new glucose from amino acids (proteins)

Answer 21

glucagon
alpha
gluconeogenesis

Question 22

a measure of a foods ability to raise glucose levels

Answer 22

glycemic index

Question 23

outer covering

high in fiber vitamins and minerals

Answer 23

bran

Question 24

base of kernel

healthful fat, some vitamins

Answer 24

germ

Question 25

midsection | starchy

Answer 25

endosperm

Question 26

contain __ kcal energy per gram | sucrose, fructose, honey, brown sugar

Answer 26

nutritive sweetners | 4

Question 27

minnitol, sorbitol, isomalt, xylitol | contain ___ kcal energy per gram

Answer 27

sugar alcohols | 2-3 kcal

Question 28

saccharin, aspartame, sucralose | provide little to no energy

Answer 28

non-nutritive (alternative) sweetners

Question 29

amount someone could eat every day for lifetime without adverse effects

Answer 29

acceptable daily intake

Question 30

4cal gram but very sweet; cannot be used in cooking/heat; cannot by consumed by PKU

Answer 30

aspartame

Question 31

7th leading cause of death | body cannot regulate blood glucose levels; too high

Answer 31

diabetes

Question 32

occurs during pregnancy

Answer 32

gestational diabetes

Question 33

``` increased or frequent urination excessive thirst constant hunger extreme fatigue blurred vision ```

Answer 33

type 1 diabetes

Question 34

``` any of the type 1 signs + symptoms greater frequency of infections sudden vision changes slow wounds/sore healing very dry skin nerve damange - tingling/numbness ```

Answer 34

type 2 diabetes

Question 35

``` cannot produce insulin accounts for about 5% of all cases _____ - attacks pancreatic beta cells blood sugar (____) rises has genetic link key intial warning sign is frequent urination ```

Answer 35

type 1 diabetes autoimmune disease glucose

Question 36

``` 90-95% of diabetes cases ____ is most common trigger process: develops progressively over time body cells become insensitive or unresponsive to ____ impaired fasting glucose/pre-diabetes pancreas stops producing insulin ```

Answer 36

type 2 diabetes | insulin

Question 37

additional enzymes secreted by cells that line the small intestine (mucosal cells) digest disaccharides to monosaccharides maltase: ____, sucrase: ____, lactase: ____ monoscaccharides are absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine and then enter the ____

Answer 37

maltose sucrose lactose bloodstream

Question 38

digestion of carbs once absorbed into blood stream: ____ provides immediate energy fructose and galactose are converted to glucose by the ____ excess glucose is converted to ____ and stored in liver and muscles (______)

Answer 38

glucose liver glycogen glycogenesis

Question 39

shaky, irritable, weak, diffuclty conenctrating low blood glucose diagnosis: ______ triad

Answer 39

hypoglycemia | whipples triad

Question 40

AI for women for fiber

Answer 40

25 g

Question 41

AI for men for fiber

Answer 41

38 g

Question 42

nutrients are added back to product

Answer 42

enriched

Question 43

nutrients never in product to begin with

Answer 43

fortified

Question 44

``` who is at risk for type 2 diabetes? -obesity genetics physical inactivity high waist circumference: __ in women, __ in men high blood pressure high blood lipids---> high ____, low ____ high glucose ```

Answer 44

>35 >40 triglycerides HDL