Chapter 1 Flashcards
interactions between genes, environment, and diet
key theory: foods and environmental factors can _____ some genes on while turning off others
nutrigenomics
switch
diseases caused by nutritional deficinces or toxicities
pellagra scurvy
iron deficiency
mineral deficiency and toxicities
diseases with a strong nutritional component
type 2 diabetes, high BP, heart disease, obesity
disease in which nutrtion plays some role
osteoporosis
osteoarthritis
some forms of cancer
nutrition plays limited role in _________
_____ has a strong tie to nutrition
cancer
stroke
the chemicals in foods that are critical to human growth + function
nutrients
nutrients required in relatively large amounts
provide ________
nutrients they are in:
macronutrients
energy
carbs, fats and oils, proteins
nutrients required in smaller amounts
____ and ____
organic - contains ____ vs non organic
micronutrients
smaller
vitamins and minerals
carbon
energy is measured in ________ which is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C
kilocalories
primary source of fuel for the body, especially for the brain
provides ___ kcal per gram
found in ____ (wheat, rice), ______, fruits, and _____
carbohydrates 4 kcal grains veggies legumes
class of lipids - _______ in water
important stored energy source during rest or lower intensity exercise
source of _______ vitamins and essential _____
___ kcal per gram
fats non-soluble fat-soluble fatty acids 9 kcal
chains of amino acids bonded by ____ bond
main role is to build ___ and ____, NOT provide energy
___ kcal per gram
proteins
cells
tissues
4
organic molecules that do not supply energy
____ - tissue building, immune system, vision
assistant in energy _____
vitamins
coenzyme
metabolism
fat soluble vitamins
toxiciity can occur from consuming excess amounts which accumulate in the body
A, D, E, K stored in the human body
_______ are not stored to any extent in human body
excess excreted in urine
toxicity generally only occurs as a result of vitamin supplementation
water soluble vitamins
inorganic substances required for body processes
not destroyed by heat and light
examples: sodium, calcium, iron, potassium and magnesium
functions: ___ regulation, bone _____, muscle ____ and nerve functioning
minerals
fluid
structure
movement
amount of nutrient needed to prevent deficiency disease in healthy people
amount of a nutrient that may reduce the risk of chronic diseases
for healthy people only
DRI
average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of 50% of healthy people
are used to determine the RDA of a nutrient
EAR
Estimated Average Requirement
the average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% healthy people
Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDA
interpreted the same as the RDA
recommended average daily intake for a nutrient
used when we have less scientific evidence
AI
adequate intake
highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people
consumption above UL is not considered safe
tolerable upper intake level
average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance
based on age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity
estimated energy requirement (EER)
the precent range of total daily energy intake that should come from each macronutrient
acceptable macronutrient distribution range
AMDR
AMDR for carbs
45-65%
