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psychology 1102 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental representations

A

includes images, ideas, concepts and principals

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2
Q

Adaptive functions of language

A
  • Language use evolved as humans adopted a more socially orientated lifestyle and formed larger social units (flinn)
  • Language made it easier for humans to adapt to these environmental demands
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3
Q

Hierachal structure of language:

A
  • phoneme
  • morphemes
  • discourse
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4
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning

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5
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

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6
Q

discourse

A

in which sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books and conversations and so forth

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7
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of words and sentences

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8
Q

Generativity

A

means that the symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have a novel meaning

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9
Q

Bottom up processing:

A

Individual elements of a stimulus are analysed and then combined to form a unified perception

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10
Q

Top down processing:

A

Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

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11
Q

Speech segmentation:

A
  • perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends
  • auditory breaks in speech
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12
Q

pragmatics

A

a knowledge of the practical aspects of using language

  • depends of the aspects of the social context
  • type of top down processing
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13
Q

Brocas area

A

speech production

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14
Q

Werinkers area

A

speech comprehension ‘

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15
Q

Aphasias

A

an impairment in speech comprehension and or production that can be permanent or temporary

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16
Q

what Susan Rossel find

A

men and woman language task in which words and non words were presented on each side of a computer screen. Men exhibited greater left hemisphere activation during the language task where as womans brain activation occurred in both the left and right hemipsheres

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17
Q

Chomsky

A
  • proposed that from out birth our genetic endowment innately led us to interpret part of the environment as linguistic experience
  • we were born pre wired to understand the general grammatical rules common to all languages
  • unfolding of a biologically primed process within a social learning environment
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18
Q

skinner

A
  • children’s language development is strongly governed by adults positive reinforcement of appropriate language and non reinforcement or correction of inappropriate verbalisations
19
Q

Bilingualism

A
  • The ability to translate print into sound
  • As children acquire speech they not only learn how to manipulate phonemes to produce different words but also into more basic sound elements
  • Phonological awareness: to refer to this overall awareness of the sound structure of ones language
20
Q

Linguistic relatively hypothesis

A

that language not only influences but also determines what we are capable of thinking

21
Q

Propositional thought

A

it expresses a proposition or statement

22
Q

Imaginable thought

A

consists of images that we can see, hear or feel in our mind

23
Q

Motoric thought

A

relates to mental representations of motor movements

24
Q

Propositions

A

statements that express ideas

25
Q

Concepts

A

are basic untis of semantic memory – mental catergories into which we place objects, activities and abstractions and events that have essential features in common

26
Q

Prototypes

A

the most typical and familiar members of a category or class

27
Q

Reasoning

A

helps us acquire knowledge, make sound decisions, solve problems and avoid hazards and time consuming efforts of trial and error

28
Q

Deductive reasoning:

A
  • We reason from the top down that is from general principals to a conclusion about a specific case
  • Can be certain on results
29
Q

Inductive reasoning:

A
  • We reason from the bottom up starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general principal
  • Cannot be certain on results always room for error
30
Q

Things that impair effective reasoning:

A
  • Distraction by irrelevant information:
  • Belief bias: is the tendency to abandon one’s logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs
  • Emotions and framing. Framing: refers to the idea that the same information, problem or options can be structured and presented in different ways
31
Q

Generating potential solutions from problems:

A

1- Determine the procedures and strategies that will be considered
2- Determine which solutions are consistent with the evidence that has been observed thus far. Rule out any solutions that do not fit the evidence
3- Testing the solutions: Mental set: the tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past
4- Evaluating results:
- Deciding if there was an easier or more effective way to accomplish the same objective

32
Q

Mental set

A

the tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past

33
Q

Algorithms

A

are formulas or precise sequences of procedures that automatically generate solutions

34
Q

Heuristics

A

are a general problem solving strategies, similar to mental rules-of-thumb that we apply to certain classes of situations

35
Q

Means ends analysis:

A

involves identifying the differences between the present situation and a desired goal and then making changes that reduce these differences

36
Q

Sub goal analysis

A

formulating sub goals or intermediate steps towards a solution

37
Q

Availability heuristic:

A

In which people base judgements and decisions on how easily information is available to memory

38
Q

Representativeness heuristics:

A

We think about how closely something fits our prototype for that particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class

39
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tending to look for evidence that confirm what they currently believe rather than look for evidence that will disconfirm their beliefs

40
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to overestimate one’s correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs and decisions

41
Q

Schema

A

is a mental framework concerning sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular almost standardised order

42
Q

Metacognition

A

refers to your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities
Improving metacognition:

43
Q

Mental imagery

A

is a representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input

psychology 1102 (9 decks)

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