chapter 13 Flashcards
Personality
as the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking and feeling and acting that characterise a person’s response to life situations
Thoughts, feelings and actions are seen to reflecting an individuals personality type have 3 characteristics:
1- behavioural components of identity
2- internal rather than environmental factors
3- organisation and structure
benefits of psychological theory’s:
1- provides a comprehensive framework within which known facts can be incorporated
2- allows us to predict future events with some precision
3- stimulates the discovery of new knowledge
Freuds theory:
- unconscious part of the mind influences behaviour
- mental events may be conscious, pre conscious or unconscious
- preconscious: feelings, thoughts and images that we are unaware of in the moment but can be recalled
- conscious: mental events in current awareness
- unconscious mind: a dynamic realm of wishes, feelings and impulses that lies beyond our awareness
freud divided personality into 3 levels
- the id, ego and superego
id
- innermost core of personality, the only structure present at birth and the source of all psychic energy
- it exists totally within the conscious mind
- no direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner
ego
- has direct contact with reality and functions primarily on a conscious level
superego
- the moral arm of personality
- the traditonla values and ideals of family and society
defence mechanisms:
unconscious mental operations that deny or sitory reality
repression
the ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety arousing memories, feelings and impulses from entering our consciousness
sublimations
impulses may be channelled into socially desirable and admirable behaviours
What did Freud propose about children and stages
proposed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the ids pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure sensitive areas of the body the erogenous zone.
3 stages (freud)
1- Oral stage: infants can primary satisfaction from taking in food and from sucking on a breast or other objects
2- Anal stage: pleasure becomes focused on the process of elimination
3- Phallic stage: derive pleasure from their sexual organs (Oedipus and electra stage)
Carl Rodgers theory of self:
- Rodgers believed that forces that directed behaviour are within us and when they are not distorted or blocked by our environment they can be trusted to direct us towards self actualisation (the highest realisation of human potential)
the self
An organised, consistent set of perceptions of an beliefs about oneself
Positive regard:
- For acceptance, sympathy and love from others
Unconditional positive regard:
- Communicates that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behaviour
Factors analysis:
- Is used to identify clusters of behaviour that are highly correlated with one another but not with behaviours in other clusters
Mcrae and Costa
O- openness vs closed to experience C- conscientiousness vs lack of direction E- extraversion vs introversion A-agreeableness vs antagonism N- neuroticism vs emotional stability
Esyencks extraversion stability model:
Personality could be understood in terms of only two basic dimensions introversion/extraversion and stability/instability
Temperament
refers to an individual differences in emotional and behavioural styles that appear so early in life they are assumed to have a biological basis
The social cognitive effect
combine the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experience
Recicprical determinism
the person, the persons behaviour and the environment all influence one anothr in a pattern of two way casual links
Rotter
Believed that two factors influenced the likelihood that we will engage in a particular behaviour
1- Expectancy
2- Reinforcement value
