chapter 17

Question 1

attribution

Answer 1

perceiving and causing behaviour. judgements about the causes of our own and other peoples

Question 2

personal attribution

Answer 2

infer that people’s characteristics cause their behaviour

Question 3

situational attributions

Answer 3

infer that aspects of the situation cause a behaviour

Question 4

self serving bias:

Answer 4

: the tendency to make personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failures

Question 5

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 5

: intention to engage in a behaviour is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behaviour when subjective norms support our attitudes and when believe that the behaviour is under control

Question 6

cognitive dissonance

Answer 6

people strive for consistency in their cognitions

• when two more more cognitions contradict one another cognitive dissonance occurs and one becomes motivated to reduce this dissonance
• self perception: we make inferences about our own attitudes in much the same way by observing how we behave

Question 7

3 factors influncing persuasion

Answer 7

1- the communicator: how believable we perceive the communicator to be
2- the message: needs to be a persuasive message (refuting the other side is proven to be most effective)
3- the audience: the argument needs to be adapted to the audience

Question 8

social norms

Answer 8

are shared expectations about how people should think, feel and behave

Question 9

social role

Answer 9

consists of a set of norms that characterise how people in a given social position ought to behave

Question 10

sheriff

Answer 10

found that even randomly created groups created norms. Optical illusion effect (dot experiment)

Question 11

why do people conform

Answer 11

informational social influence

normative social influence

Question 12

informational social influence

Answer 12

following the opinions or behaviour of other people because we believe that they have accurate knowledge on what they are doing is right

Question 13

normative social influence

Answer 13

conforming to obtain the rewards that come from being accepted by other people while at the same time avoiding their rejection

Question 14

Aschs experiment

Answer 14

lines experiment

Question 15

Factors that affect conformity:

Answer 15

• group size

- presence of dissenter (someone that disagrees)

Question 16

factors that influence obedience:

Answer 16

• remoteness of the victim
• closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
• diffusion of responsibility
• personal characteristics

Question 17

social loafing

Answer 17

is the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

Question 18

social loafing is more likely to occur when:

Answer 18

• the person believes that individual performance within the group is not being monitored
• the task or goal of the group has less value or meaning to the person
• the person generally displays low motivation to strive for success and expects that co-workers will display high effort

Question 19

group polarisation

Answer 19

when a group of like minded people discuss an issue, the average opinion of group members tends to become more extreme

Question 20

deindividuation

Answer 20

a loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour

Question 21

prejudice

Answer 21

refers to a negative attitude toward people based on their membership towards a group

Question 22

discrimination

Answer 22

refers to overt behaviour that involve treating people unfairly based on the group in which they belong

Question 23

explicit and implicit prejudice:

Answer 23

explicit prejudice: when people express publicly

implicit prejudice: is hidden from public view

Question 24

cognitive roots of prejudice

Answer 24

• categorisation of us-them thinking

- stereotypes and attributional distortions

Question 25

motivation for prejudice:

Answer 25

• completion and conflict: realistic conflict theory: competition for limited resources fosters prejudice
• enhancing self esteem: social identity theory: prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self esteem

Question 26

reducing prejudice:

Answer 26

• an educational approach to reducing prejudice
• promoting equal status contact to reduce prejudice
• use stimulations to ‘reduce shooter bias’