chapter 16

Question 1

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 1

Freud

Question 2

Free association

Answer 2

clients verbally report without censorship any thoughts, feelings or images that enter their awareness

Question 3

Dream interpretation

Answer 3

• dreams express impulses, feelings, fantasies and wishes that the clients defences keep bottled up in the unconscious during waking hours

Question 4

Resistance

Answer 4

• defensive manoeuvres that hinder the process of therapy

Question 5

Transference

Answer 5

occurs when the client responds irrationally to the analyst as if she or he were important figure from the clients past

Question 6

Interpretation

Answer 6

any statement by the therapist that is intended to provide the client with insight into his or her behaviour or dynamics

Question 7

Humanistic psychotherapies

Answer 7

Person cantered approach: Carl Rodgers

Question 8

Person cantered approach: Carl Rodgers

Answer 8

• The important active ingredient in therapy is the relationship that develops between client and therapist and he began to focus his attention on the kind of therapeutic environment that seemed most effective in fostering and exploring personal growth

Question 9

3 important and interrelated therapist attributes:

Answer 9

Rodgers
1- Unconditional positive regard: is communicated when the therapist shows that he or she genuinely cares about and accepts the client without judgement of evaluation
2- Empathy: the willingness and ability to view the world through the clients eyes
3- Genuineness: refers to the consistency between the way in which the therapist feels and the way he or she behaves

Question 10

Gestalt therapy:

Answer 10

• Often carried out in groups utilises a variety of imaginative technqiues to get in touch with their inner selves
• Role play different aspects of themselves so they may directly experience their inner dynamics

Question 11

Cognitive therapies:

Answer 11

Ellis rational emotive therapy: ABCD model

Becks theories:

Question 12

Ellis rational emotive therapy: ABCD model

Answer 12

A: activating the event that triggers the emotion
B: belief system that underlies the way in which person appraises the event
C: emotional and behavioural consequences of the appraisal
D: changing maladaptive emotions and behaviours: disputing or challenging an erroneous belief system

Question 13

Becks theories:

Answer 13

• The goal of his approach is to point out errors of thinking and logic and that underlie emotional disturbances and to help clients identify and reprogram their overlearned automatic thought patterns

Question 14

Behaviour therapies

Answer 14

• Maladaptive behaviours are not merely symptoms of underlying problems rather they are the problem
• Problem behaviours are learned in the same ways normal behaviours are
• Maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned by applying principals derived from research on classical conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling

Question 15

Classical conditioning procedures are used in the following ways:

Answer 15

1-	They have been used to reduce or decondition anxiety responses 
2-	They have been used to in attempts to condition aversive emotional responses to a particular class of stimuli each as alcohol or inappropriate sexual objects

Question 16

The most common use of classical conditioning procedures are:

Answer 16

1- Exposure therapies: the conditioning experience is assumed to involve a pairing of the phobic object with the aversive unconditioned stimulus. As a result, the phobic stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of anxiety
2- Systematic desensitization: a learning based treatment for anxiety disorders
3- Aversion therapy: the therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive to the client with a noxious UCS in attempt to condition an aversion to the CS

Question 17

Behaviour modification

Answer 17

refer tot eh treatment that apply operant conditioning procedures in an attempt to increase or decrease a specific behaviour

Question 18

Positive reinforcement techniques

Answer 18

• Token economy: involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement to strengthen desired behaviours
• Therapeutic application of punishment
• Behaviour activation therapy for depression

Question 19

Social skills training:

Answer 19

clients learn new skills by observing and then imitating a model who performs a socially skilful behaviour

Question 20

The third wave of cognitive behavioural therapies

Answer 20

• mindfulness based treatments: is a mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of immediate experience
• acceptance and commitment therapy: focuses on the process of mindfulness of a primary vehicle for change
• dialectical behaviour therapy: is a treatment developed specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder

Question 21

family therapy

Answer 21

arose from clinical observation and research that many clients who had shown marked improvements in individual therapy often in institutional settings

Question 22

drug therapy

Answer 22

• antipsychotic drugs: used for major schizophrenic disorders
• antianxiety drugs
• antidepressant drugs
  psychosurgery

Question 23

psychotherapy research methods:

Answer 23

• randomised clinical trials
• meta analysis
• survey research

Question 24

factors effecting the outcome of therapy

Answer 24

• client variables: self relatedness, openness to therapy, nature of the problem
• therapist and technique variables
• common factors