chapter 10 Flashcards
Intelligence
is the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively and to deal adaptively with the environment
Galton
- People had inherited mental constitutions that made them more fit for thinking than their less successful counter parts
- Relationship between biological variables and intelligence
- Skull size had a positive relationship with intelligence
Binet
- Mental test
- Mental abilities developed with age
- The rate at which people gain mental competence is a characteristic of the person and is fairly consistent over time
- Mental age- developed a standardised test in which the children will be interviewed and be given a mental age
Sterns intelligent quotient (IQ
was the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100: IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
Terman
- Revised test became known as the Stanford – binet test
- Yields to a single IQ score
Eugentics
the idea that children with a lower IQ are less intelligent
Weschler
developed a test that measured verbal and non verbal intelligence
- WISC
- WAIS
- WPPSI
Psychometric
is the statistical study of psychological tests. Tries to find individual differences in performance
Factor analysis
reduces a large number of measures to a smaller number of clusters or factors with each cluster containing variables that correlate highly with one another but less highly with variables in other clusters
G factor:
Spearmen
- General intelligence
- Can be related to job performance and success
Crystallised intelligence:
Cattel and Horn
- Is the ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems
- Depends on the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution
- Dependant on the long term memory
Fluid intelligence:
Cattel and Horn
- Defined as the ability to deal with novel problem social situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution
- Involves inductive reasoning and creative problem solving
- Dependant on the working memory
Carrolls three stratum model
stratum 3:
- is a g factor
- underlie the most mental activity
stratum 2:
- eight broad intellectual factors from left to right depending on how much they are influenced by the g factor
- involves basic cognitive functions such as memory and learning
stratum 1:
- involves 70 highly specific cognitive abilities that feed into the broader stratum 2 factors
cognitive process approaches:
- explore the specific information processing and cognitive processes that underlie intellectual ability
Sternberg
triachic theory of intelligence:
- addresses both the psychological processes involved in intelligent behaviour and the diverse forms that intelligence can take
Metacomponents:
- are the higher order processes used to plan and regulate task performance
- fundamental sources of individual differences in fluid intelligence
performance components:
- are the actual mental processes used to perform that task
- perceptual processing
- retrieving appropriate memories and schemas from long term memory and generating responses
- knowledge acquisition devices: allow us to learn from our experiences store information in memory and combine new insights with previously acquired information
three different classes of adaptive problem solving
1- analytical intelligence
2- practical intelligence
3- creative intelligence
personal intelligence:
Mayer
the ability to understand who one is and who one wants to be
Mayer suggests that personal intelligence involves four key abilities:
1- the ability to proves and reason about personally relevant information through introspection
2- the ability to incorporate the information gained through introspection and obsecration into accurate self knowledge of your traits
3- the ability to use personally relevant knowledge to guide your choices
4- the ability to select goals that are consistent with one another and that are realistic given your talents and resources
emotional intelligence
involves the abilities to read others emotions accurately to respond to them appropriately to motivate ones self to be aware of ones emotions and to regulate and control ones emotional responses
four components: Mayer-salovey-caurso intelligence test
1- perceiving emotions
2- using emotions to facilitate thought
3- understanding emotions
4- managing emotions
Four index scales
verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed
Achievement test
designed to find out how much they have learnt in their lives
