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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle helps in what?

A

Muscle movement

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2
Q

Contracility

A

the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract

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3
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, and skin

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4
Q

What do multinucleated cells generally develop from

A

myoblasts

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5
Q

What is the membrane that surrounds each fasiculus

A

the perimyseum

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6
Q

What does the endomyseum surround

A

the entire muscle

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7
Q

Actin (thin) filaments

A

two strands of fibrous actin form a double helix extending the length of the filament
is made up of globular G protein

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8
Q

The traponin is the _____ that has a ______ binding site

A

trigger calcium

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9
Q

ATPase is found where

A

the myosin (thick filament) heads

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10
Q

ATPase does what

A

breaks ATP into ADP+P+energy

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11
Q

The sarcolema is another name for what

A

cell membrane of a muscle

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12
Q

Charged battery has potential energy. Potential means the same as what

A

Polarized

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13
Q

Dead battery has no potential energy. No potential is the same as

A

depolarized

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14
Q

The prefix “Iso-“ means what

A

the same

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15
Q

A muscle cell is the same as what

A

muscle fiber

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16
Q

Other names for muscle cell membrane are

A

cell membrane
sarcolema
motor end plate

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17
Q

Where does a resting membrane potential exist

A

in a resting muscle fiber

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18
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

open & close in response to small voltage changes across the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

glycoprotein with a receptor site

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

inside of plasma membrane becomes less negative. If charge reaches threshold depolarization occurs

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21
Q

Repolarization

A

return of resting membrane potential

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22
Q

Threshold

A

value of the membrane potential at which an action potential is produced as a result of depolarization in response to a stimulus

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23
Q

What neurotransmitter is found at neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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24
Q

Acetylcholine is broken down by what

A

acettylcholinesterase

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25
Q

Tranverse (T) tubules

A

invagination of the sarcolema

26
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store

A

calcium

27
Q

What is the order for excitation-contraction

A
  1. Sarcolema
  2. T tubules
  3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. Calcium ions
28
Q

What is depolarization caused by

A

spontaneous diffusion of calcium and sodium

29
Q

In excitation-contraction coupling myosin heads (“golf club”) bind to what

A

exposed active sites on actin

30
Q

What is the power stroke

A

the myosin head moving, this shortens the sarcomere

31
Q

What is required for the formation, movement, and release of cross bridges

A

1 ATP molecule

32
Q

The contraction of of a muscle fiber is caused by what

A

a threshold stimulus

33
Q

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to a stimuli by what

A

varying the number of motor units recruited

34
Q

Increased calcium concentration around myofibrils may explain what

A

multiple wave summation

35
Q

Treppe does what?

A

improves muscle efficiency

may be drawn to an increase of calcium ions around myofibril

36
Q

Common causes of muscle fatigue

A

acidosis & ATP depletion
Oxidative stress
Local inflammatory reactions

37
Q

Whats the only cause of fatigue in the muscle FIBERS

A

ATP depletion

38
Q

Psychological fatigue

A

the person believes they can’t keep going even tho the muscles are fine to keep going

39
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

the stiffening of the body after death because of a loss of ATP from the bodies muscle

40
Q

Which of the 3 muscle energy supplies for muscles is only produced during resting conditions

A

creatine phosphate

41
Q

Whats the waste product of anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) called

A

lactic acid

42
Q

Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) yields what

A

36 ATP’s per glucose molecule metabolized

43
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

the amount of O2 that a cell needs to replenish ATP supplies after exercise

44
Q

Slow twitch oxidative fibers are well adapted to what

A

anaerobic activity

45
Q

Where is the protein tropomyosin found

A

along the groove of the of teh F-actin double helix

46
Q

What acts as a blood reservoir forO2

A

myogoblin

47
Q

What does aerobic exercise do

A

increase vascularity of muscle
develop fatigue resistant fast twitch fibers
increase the efficiency of slow twitch fibers
increase number of mitochondria in the cell

48
Q

What does muscle hypertrophy result from

A

increased numbers of myobibrils and sarcomeres

49
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

decrease in muscle size

50
Q

Body temp is almost always the result of what

A

muscle contraction

51
Q

Shivering does what

A

raises body temp

52
Q

ATPase is contained in what

A

myosin

53
Q

Smooth muscles have no ______ and a ___-_____ complex initiate cross bridge formation

A

sarcomere

calcium-calmodulin

54
Q

Smooth muscles depolarize when

A

both sodium and calcium diffuse into the cell (not just sodium)

55
Q

Visceral smooth muscle occurs in sheets and exhibit what

A

numerous gap junctions

56
Q

Where is multiunit smooth muscle located

A

in the wall of blood vessels

57
Q

Smooth muscle is regulated by what

A

the autonomic nervous system
neurotransmitter
hormones
prostaglandins

58
Q

Smooth muscle tone is is relatively what

A

constant tension maintained for a long period of time

59
Q

Curare

A

a poison that blocks acetylcholine at the motor end plate (sarcolema)

60
Q

Recovery from oxygen deficit involves what

A

conversion of lactic acid back to glucose

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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