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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A 
maintains homeostasis 
receives sensory input 
integrating information 
controlling muscles and glands 
establishing and maintaining mental activity
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2
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

sensory receptors and nerves

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4
Q

What are ganglia in the peripheral nervous system

A

collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

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5
Q

How many neurons are in series in the autonomic nervous system

A

2

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

short often highly branched

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7
Q

Axons

A

branch to form colcollaterals

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8
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

chromatopilic substance

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9
Q

Presynaptic Terminal

A

regulates resting or vegetative function

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10
Q

Motor (efferent) interneuron

A

action potential away from CNS

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11
Q

Sensory (afferent) interneuron

A

action potential toward CNS

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12
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

sensory in retina of the eye and nose

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13
Q

What determines resting membrane potential and potassium pumps

A

K+

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14
Q

Epinephrine is

A

adrenaline

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15
Q

What cells do not action potentials

A

neuroglia

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A

regulate substance that reach CNS from the blood

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17
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal

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18
Q

Satellite Cells

A

surrounds neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia

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19
Q

Where do unmylinated axons rest

A

invagination of schwann cells or oligodendrites

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20
Q

What matter is composed of of bundles of mylinated axons

A

white

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21
Q

The plasma membrane is more permeable to ___ than to ___ ions because there are more leak channels for the former type of ion

A

K+, Cl-

Na+

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22
Q

If potassium membrane permeability is increased you would expect the cell to be

A

hyperpolarized

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23
Q

An increase in what leads to depolarization

A

pottasium

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24
Q

If the charge difference across the cell membrane is decreased, the membrane potential?

A

decreases

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25
Q

Voltage gated sodium channels are sensitive to change in what

A

extracellular calcium

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26
Q

Local Potential

A

a small change in the resting membrane potential of a neuron caused by a stimulus that opens a ligand-regulated sodium gate in the membrane of a neuron

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27
Q

When does an action potential occur

A

when local potential reaches threshold

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28
Q

What is the all or none principle

A

mo matter how strong the stimulus, as long as it is greater than threshold, then action potential will occur

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29
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

no matter how large 2nd action potential cannot be produced

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30
Q

Relative refractory period

A

can initiate another action potential

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31
Q

Subthreshold stimulus

A

does not cause a graded potential that is great enough to initial the action potential

32
Q

What is saltatory conduction of an action potential

A

the propragation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to the next

33
Q

What 3 factors determine the speed of an action potential

A

myelinated or unmyelinated
lipids
diameter of axon

34
Q

What is local hyperpolarizaion in a synapse called

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

35
Q

Neuromodulator

A

chemicals produced by neurons that facilitate action potential

36
Q

What is acetylcholine

A

the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction

37
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase

A

breaks ATP into ADP+P+energy

38
Q

What ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane

39
Q

Spatial Summation

A

action potential 1 & 2 cause the production of graded potentials at 2 points

40
Q

Temporal Summation

A

2 action potentials arrive in close succession at the presynaptic membrane

41
Q

Covergent Pathway

A

many coverage and synapse with smaller number of neurons

42
Q

Divergent Pathway

A

small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of presynaptic neurons

43
Q

Dura Mater

A

continuous with epineurium of the spinal cord

44
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

thin and whispy

45
Q

Pia Mater

A

bound tightly to brain and spinal cord

46
Q

Filium Terminale

A

anchors spinal cord and coccyx

47
Q

Its tip is the inferior end of the spinal cord and extends to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

A

concus medullaris

48
Q

In the spinal cord what matter is organized into columns

49
Q

In the spinal cord what matter is organized into horns

50
Q

Whats the simplest reflex in the human body

A

patellar reflex

51
Q

Reflex arc

A

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensor and motor nerve with synapse between

52
Q

What is the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex

A

tendon golgi receptors

53
Q

Order of events of the stretch reflex (1)

A

muscle spindols detect stretch of a muscle

54
Q

Order of events of the stretch reflex (2)

A

sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

55
Q

Order of events of the stretch reflex (3)

A

sensory neuron synapse directly with alpha motor neurons

56
Q

Order of events of the stretch reflex (4)

A

alpha motor neurons conduct action potentials to the muscle causing it to contract and resist being stretched

57
Q

Muscles and glands are capable of issuing a response when stimulated by motor neurons called what

58
Q

Which reflex type prevents excessive tension in a muscle

A

golgi complex

59
Q

Withdrawl Reflex

A

remove a body limb or other part from a painful stimulus

60
Q

Crossed Reflex

A

when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb

61
Q

What reinforces the withdrawal reflex

A

reciprocal innervation

62
Q

What does the endoneurium membrane surround

A

individual neurons

63
Q

What does the perineurium membrane surround

A

axon groups to form fascicles

64
Q

What does the epineurium membrane surround

A

the entire nerve

65
Q

Originates from C3-C5

Innervates the lung and heart

A

Phrenic nerve

66
Q

Originates C4 from cervical plus C5-T1

Innervates the entire upper limb

A

brachial nerve

67
Q

Originates medial cord of brachial plexus, C8-T1

Innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm and in the hand

A

ulnar nerve

68
Q

Originates posterior cord of brachial plexus C5-C6

Innervates deltoid and teres mjnor muscles

A

axilary nerve

69
Q

Originate lumbosacral plexus L4-S2
Innervates lateral rotation group
Made up of tibial and common fibular nerves

A

sciatic nerve

70
Q

Orgininate L4-L5 and S1-S4
Innervates suprapubic area, external genitalia, superior medial and posterior thigh
Anesthetized to aide in childbirth by forceps

A

pudendal nerve

71
Q

Dermatomal Map

A

skin area supplied with sensory innervation by spinal nerves

72
Q

Viral disease transmitted by an infected animal, brain infection results in abnormal excitability, aggresion, paralysis, and death

73
Q

Inflammation of the brain caused by a virus and less often by bacteria or other agents; symptoms include fever, coma, convulsions

A

encephalitis

74
Q

Loss of sensation; may be pathologically or medically induced

A

Anasthesia

75
Q

Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, with pain radiating down the back of the leg

76
Q

Bacterial disease that kills skin and PNS cells

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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