Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards by Raul Valdez

Functions of the nervous system

maintains homeostasis 
receives sensory input 
integrating information 
controlling muscles and glands 
establishing and maintaining mental activity

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What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

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What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

sensory receptors and nerves

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What are ganglia in the peripheral nervous system

collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

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How many neurons are in series in the autonomic nervous system

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Dendrites

short often highly branched

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Axons

branch to form colcollaterals

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Nissl Bodies

chromatopilic substance

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Presynaptic Terminal

regulates resting or vegetative function

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Motor (efferent) interneuron

action potential away from CNS

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Sensory (afferent) interneuron

action potential toward CNS

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Bipolar neuron

sensory in retina of the eye and nose

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What determines resting membrane potential and potassium pumps

K+

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Epinephrine is

adrenaline

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What cells do not action potentials

neuroglia

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Astrocytes

regulate substance that reach CNS from the blood

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Ependymal Cells

line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal

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Satellite Cells

surrounds neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia

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Where do unmylinated axons rest

invagination of schwann cells or oligodendrites

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What matter is composed of of bundles of mylinated axons

white

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The plasma membrane is more permeable to ___ than to ___ ions because there are more leak channels for the former type of ion

K+, Cl-

Na+

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If potassium membrane permeability is increased you would expect the cell to be

hyperpolarized

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An increase in what leads to depolarization

pottasium

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If the charge difference across the cell membrane is decreased, the membrane potential?

decreases

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Voltage gated sodium channels are sensitive to change in what

extracellular calcium

Local Potential

a small change in the resting membrane potential of a neuron caused by a stimulus that opens a ligand-regulated sodium gate in the membrane of a neuron

When does an action potential occur

when local potential reaches threshold

What is the all or none principle

mo matter how strong the stimulus, as long as it is greater than threshold, then action potential will occur

Absolute refractory period

no matter how large 2nd action potential cannot be produced

Relative refractory period

can initiate another action potential

Subthreshold stimulus

does not cause a graded potential that is great enough to initial the action potential

What is saltatory conduction of an action potential

the propragation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to the next

What 3 factors determine the speed of an action potential

myelinated or unmyelinated lipids diameter of axon

What is local hyperpolarizaion in a synapse called

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Neuromodulator

chemicals produced by neurons that facilitate action potential

What is acetylcholine

the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction

What is acetylcholinesterase

breaks ATP into ADP+P+energy

What ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane

Ca+

Spatial Summation

action potential 1 & 2 cause the production of graded potentials at 2 points

Temporal Summation

2 action potentials arrive in close succession at the presynaptic membrane

Covergent Pathway

many coverage and synapse with smaller number of neurons

Divergent Pathway

small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of presynaptic neurons

Dura Mater

continuous with epineurium of the spinal cord

Arachnoid Mater

thin and whispy

Pia Mater

bound tightly to brain and spinal cord

Filium Terminale

anchors spinal cord and coccyx

Its tip is the inferior end of the spinal cord and extends to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

concus medullaris

In the spinal cord what matter is organized into columns

white

In the spinal cord what matter is organized into horns

grey

Whats the simplest reflex in the human body

patellar reflex

Reflex arc

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensor and motor nerve with synapse between

What is the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex

tendon golgi receptors

Order of events of the stretch reflex (1)

muscle spindols detect stretch of a muscle

Order of events of the stretch reflex (2)

sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

Order of events of the stretch reflex (3)

sensory neuron synapse directly with alpha motor neurons

Order of events of the stretch reflex (4)

alpha motor neurons conduct action potentials to the muscle causing it to contract and resist being stretched

Muscles and glands are capable of issuing a response when stimulated by motor neurons called what

effectors

Which reflex type prevents excessive tension in a muscle

golgi complex

Withdrawl Reflex

remove a body limb or other part from a painful stimulus

Crossed Reflex

when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb

What reinforces the withdrawal reflex

reciprocal innervation

What does the endoneurium membrane surround

individual neurons

What does the perineurium membrane surround

axon groups to form fascicles

What does the epineurium membrane surround

the entire nerve

Originates from C3-C5 | Innervates the lung and heart

Phrenic nerve

Originates C4 from cervical plus C5-T1 | Innervates the entire upper limb

brachial nerve

Originates medial cord of brachial plexus, C8-T1 | Innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm and in the hand

ulnar nerve

Originates posterior cord of brachial plexus C5-C6 | Innervates deltoid and teres mjnor muscles

axilary nerve

Originate lumbosacral plexus L4-S2 Innervates lateral rotation group Made up of tibial and common fibular nerves

sciatic nerve

Orgininate L4-L5 and S1-S4 Innervates suprapubic area, external genitalia, superior medial and posterior thigh Anesthetized to aide in childbirth by forceps

pudendal nerve

Dermatomal Map

skin area supplied with sensory innervation by spinal nerves

Viral disease transmitted by an infected animal, brain infection results in abnormal excitability, aggresion, paralysis, and death

Rabies

Inflammation of the brain caused by a virus and less often by bacteria or other agents; symptoms include fever, coma, convulsions

encephalitis

Loss of sensation; may be pathologically or medically induced

Anasthesia

Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, with pain radiating down the back of the leg

sciatica

Bacterial disease that kills skin and PNS cells

Leprosy