Chapter 3 Review Flashcards
Basic unit of human life
cells
All chemical reactions that occur within a cell
metabolism
What are the characteristic functions of a cell
cell metabolism energy use synthesis of molecules communication reproduction
Intracellular
substances inside of the cell
Extracellular
substances outside of the cell
Glycolipids
combination of carbohydrates and lipids
Glycoproteins
combination of carbohydrates and proteins
Channel Proteins
one or more integral membrane protein arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane
Receptor Protein
membrane proteins or glycoproteins that have an exposed receptor site
The main components of the cell membrane
lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, proteins extended across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer
Fluid Mosaic
the plasma membrane as being neither rigid nor static in structure
Open Channels (non gated)
responsible for the plasma membranes permeability to ions when the plasma membrane is at rest
Voltage Gated Channels
open when their is a change in charge across the plasma membrane
Ligand (gates channels)
open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins
Ligand is a ____ and a ____
neurotransmitter and or hormone
Symporters
move two particles in the same direction at the same time
Antiporters
move two particles in opposite directions at the same time
What catalyzes chemical reactions on the inner and outer surface membrane
membrane embedded enzymes
proteins
Enzymes are ____ and ____ that basically control all the reactions and functions in your body
proteins and catalysts
Integrin
transmembrane receptors that are bridges for cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix interactions
ATP powered pump
transport protein that require cellular energy to move specific ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other
Diffusion
movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solution
What increases the rate of diffusion
viscosity concentration and density are factors that increase the rate of diffusion
Osmosis
diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane
Water flows towards areas of ______ concentration
higher
Facilitated Diffusion rate is dependent on what
the concentration of transport molecules
Sodium potassium pumps are a form of active transport because it needs what
ATP
Active transport pumps ion ______ the gradiant
against
Phagocytosis
“cell eating” solid particles are ingested and phagocytic vesicles are formed
Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking” distinguished from phagocytosis because smaller vesicles form
Cytoplasm between the cell membrane and nucleus contain ______ & ______
cytosol and organelles
The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 groups of protein
microtubules, actin filament, and intermediate filaments
Microtubules help provide what to the cytoplasm
structure and support
Microtubules do what
transport intracellular material and are involved in cell division
Microvilli do not contain what
microtubules
Where are chromosomes located
the nucleus
Chromatin
unformed chromosomes
Nucleus makes ribosomal subunits from what
proteins & RNA
mRNA
messenger RNA
Smooth ER
endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes, manufactures lipids
Golgi Apparatus
modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
Lysosomes
digestion and removal of waste
Mitochondria
major site of ATP synthesis
The shaft of a flagellum contains a ______ doubles around its periphery
see slide 57
microtubules
Centrioles
center for microtubule formation; also help divide cells and organize spindle fibers
Microvilli
a cylindrically shaped extension of the plasma membrane, each cell has many also increases cell surface area
Transcription
synthesis of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA molecules based on the nucleotide sequence in DNA
Translation
synthesis of a protein at the ribosome based on the sequence of the mRNA codons
Protein synthesis
the process by which individual amino acids are connected to each other in a specific order dictated by the nucleotides in DNA
RNA Polymerase
enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA
Codon
3 nucleotide sequence
Anticodon
consists of 3 nucleotides and is complementary to a particular codon of mRNA
Transfer RNA
(tRNA) carry the amino acids to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) protein synthesis
Messenger RNA
(mRNA) genetic information transcripted from DNA and taken to ribosome
In the cell cycle the S phase is
synthesis phase / DNA replication
In the cell Cycle the G1 phase is
first gap phase / routine metabolism
In the cell cycle the G2 phase is
second gap phase / preparation for division
Semiconservative Replication
2 copies that each contain an original strand and a new strand
Prophase
the chromatin condense to form mitotic chromosomes
Metaphase
the chromosomes align near the center of the cell
Anaphase
chromatids separate
Telaphase
nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to form 2 nuclei
Cytokinesis
division of cells cytoplasm to produce 2 new cells
it begins in anaphase and continues through telophase
The 4 stages of mitosis are
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
How many mictrotubules does the shaft of the flagela contain
9
