Chapter 1 & 2 Review Flashcards by Raul Valdez

Anatomy

scientific discipline that investigates the bodies structure

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Physiology

scientific investigation of the process or function of living things

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Gross or Microscopic anatomy

structures examined without a microscope

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Regional

studied area by area

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Systemic

studied system by system

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Surface

external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

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Cytology

cellular anatomy

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Histology

study of tissues

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The Integumantary System

provides protection, regulation of body temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of: Skin, Hair, Nails, & Sweat Glands

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The Skeletal System

provides protection & support, allows body movements, produces red blood cells, stores minerals and adipose
Consists of: bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints

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The Muscular System

body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Consists of: muscles attached to skeleton by tendons

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The Lymphatic System.

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
Consist of: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, & other lymphatic organs

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Respiratory System

exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Consists of: lungs, respiratory passages

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Digestive system

digests food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste products
Consists of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessorie organs

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Nervous System

detects sensation, controls movement, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

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Endocrine System

metabolism, growth, and reproduction

Consists of: glands, such as pituitary

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Cardiovascular System

transports nutrients, waste products, and gasses through the body and regulates body temp
Consists of: blood and blood vessels

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Urinary System

removes waste from the blood and regulates pH, water, and ion balance

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Reproductive System

Produces and transfers sex cells, in woman also produces an environment for a growing fetus and milk for the baby after birth.

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Cell

the basic structural and functional unit of plants and animals

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Tissue

composed of a group a group similar cells and the material surrounding them

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What are the levels of organization in order.

Chemical Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level

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Growth

an increase in size and or number of cells

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Differentiation

changing from a general cell to a specific cell

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Homeostasis

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant condition inside the body.

Negative Feedback

maintains homeostasis

Positive Feedback

when the response to the original stimulus causes the body to move further away from homeostasis

Right

towards the right side of the body

Left

towards the left side of the body

Superior

a structure above another

Inferior

a structure below another

Cephalic

closer to the head (synonymous to superior)

Caudal

closer to the tail (synonymous to inferior)

front of body

Posterior

back of body

Ventral

toward the belly (synonymous to anterior)

Dorsal

toward the back (synonymous to posterior)

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment to the body

Distal

farther away from the point of attachment to the body

Lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

away from the surface, internal

Cephalic

closer to the head

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye

Nasal

nose

Oral

mouth

Neck

cervical

Thoracic

thorax

Pectoral

chest

Sternal

breastbone

Mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen

Umbilical

navel

Pelvic

pelvis

Inguinal

groin

Pubic

genital

Otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

Clavicular

collarbone

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Manual

hand

Carpal

wrist

Palmer

palm

Digital

fingers

Coxal

hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

kneecap

Crural

leg

Pedal

foot

Talus

ankle

Dorsum

top of foot

Digital

toes

Dorsal

back

Occipital

base of skull

Nuchal

back of neck

Scapular

shoulder blade

Vertebral

spinal column

Lumbar

loin

Sacral

between hips

Gluteal

buttocks

Perineal

perineum

Cranial

skull

Acromial

point of shoulder

Olecranon

point of elbow

Dorsum

back of hand

Popliteal

hollow behind knee

Sural

calf

Plantar

sole

Calcaneal

heel

The 4 elements that are found most in humans are

Hydrogen 1.008 Carbon 12.01 Nitrogen 14.01 Oxygen 16.00

Atom

smallest particle of an element that has a chemical characteristic of that element

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

proton

The Chemical formula for ATP production

ADP + Pi --> ATP + H2O

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

Weight

the gravitational force acting on an object of given mass

What does a neutral atom become if it gains or loses an electron

Ion

Cation

positively charged ion

Anion

a negatively charged ion; their formed with an atom loosing or gaining electrons

Ionic Bond

atoms exchange electrons

Covalent Bonds

two or more atoms share electrons

Element

the simplest type of matter with a unique chemical property; composed of only one kind of atom

Compound

a substance composed of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically bound

Molecule

2 or more atoms chemically combine to form an independent unit

When ionic compounds dissolve in water the process is called _____. The resating cations and anions are often called ______ because they can conduct an electric charge.

dissociation | electrolytes

What is the collective name for the other intermolecular attractions that are beyond the scope of this class

electrostatic attractions

Solubility

the ability of a substance to dissolve in water

Oxidation involves ______ electrons

loosing

Reduction involves ______ electrons

gaining

Synthesis Reaction

2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new larger product

Decomposition reaction

a large reactant is broken down to form smaller products

Dehydration

synthetic reaction where water is a product

Hydrolysis

water is split into 2 parts that contribute to the formation of the products

Temp, concentration of reactants, catalysts, and enzymes are all factors that influence what

rate of chemical reactions

Energy

the capacity to do work

Potential Energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

Kinetic Energy

does work and moves matter

What is another name for potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Chemical energy

Activation Energy

minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction

The oxygen and hydrogen in water are held together by what type of bond?

Polar Covalent bonds | thee polar nature of the bonds is due to the uneven distribution of electrons within the water molecule

Acid

a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions

Base

a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions

On the pH scale 7 is what

Neutral

On the pH scale 1-6 are

acidic

On the pH scale 8-10 are

basic

Buffer

a solution of a conjugate acid base pair in which acid & base components occur in similar concentrations

Inorganic Compound

generally substances that do not contain carbon

Organic Compound

study of carbon containing substances those that are biologically active are called biochemicals

Most of our bodys fuel comes from what

carbohydrates

Polysacchrides

long chains of monosacchrides

Starch and Cellulose are _______ that are naturally found in plants

polysacchrides

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Phospholipids

lipids that are polar at one end and non polar at the other. usually found in cell membranes

Triglycerides

lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

Cholesterol is both a ____ and a _____

lipid and a steroid

Proteins are made up of single units called ___ that are held together by ___

amino acids | peptide bonds

Proteins are mostly what

structural

When a protein is ____ its shape has changed due to breaking of hydrogen bonds

denatured

The building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides

What kind of sugar does DNA contain

deoxyribose

RNA is a single or double strand

single