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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 1 & 2 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

scientific discipline that investigates the bodies structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

scientific investigation of the process or function of living things

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3
Q

Gross or Microscopic anatomy

A

structures examined without a microscope

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4
Q

Regional

A

studied area by area

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5
Q

Systemic

A

studied system by system

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6
Q

Surface

A

external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

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7
Q

Cytology

A

cellular anatomy

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8
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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9
Q

The Integumantary System

A

provides protection, regulation of body temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of: Skin, Hair, Nails, & Sweat Glands

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10
Q

The Skeletal System

A

provides protection & support, allows body movements, produces red blood cells, stores minerals and adipose
Consists of: bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints

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11
Q

The Muscular System

A

body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Consists of: muscles attached to skeleton by tendons

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12
Q

The Lymphatic System.

A

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
Consist of: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, & other lymphatic organs

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13
Q

Respiratory System

A

exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Consists of: lungs, respiratory passages

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14
Q

Digestive system

A

digests food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste products
Consists of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessorie organs

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15
Q

Nervous System

A

detects sensation, controls movement, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

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16
Q

Endocrine System

A

metabolism, growth, and reproduction

Consists of: glands, such as pituitary

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17
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

transports nutrients, waste products, and gasses through the body and regulates body temp
Consists of: blood and blood vessels

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18
Q

Urinary System

A

removes waste from the blood and regulates pH, water, and ion balance

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19
Q

Reproductive System

A

Produces and transfers sex cells, in woman also produces an environment for a growing fetus and milk for the baby after birth.

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20
Q

Cell

A

the basic structural and functional unit of plants and animals

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21
Q

Tissue

A

composed of a group a group similar cells and the material surrounding them

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22
Q

What are the levels of organization in order.

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cell Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
  6. Organism Level
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23
Q

Growth

A

an increase in size and or number of cells

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24
Q

Differentiation

A

changing from a general cell to a specific cell

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant condition inside the body.

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26
Q

Negative Feedback

A

maintains homeostasis

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27
Q

Positive Feedback

A

when the response to the original stimulus causes the body to move further away from homeostasis

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28
Q

Right

A

towards the right side of the body

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29
Q

Left

A

towards the left side of the body

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30
Q

Superior

A

a structure above another

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31
Q

Inferior

A

a structure below another

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32
Q

Cephalic

A

closer to the head (synonymous to superior)

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33
Q

Caudal

A

closer to the tail (synonymous to inferior)

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34
Q

Anterior

A

front of body

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35
Q

Posterior

A

back of body

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36
Q

Ventral

A

toward the belly (synonymous to anterior)

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37
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the back (synonymous to posterior)

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38
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment to the body

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39
Q

Distal

A

farther away from the point of attachment to the body

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40
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline

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41
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline

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42
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface

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43
Q

Deep

A

away from the surface, internal

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44
Q

Cephalic

A

closer to the head

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45
Q

Frontal

A

forehead

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46
Q

Orbital

A

eye

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47
Q

Nasal

A

nose

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48
Q

Oral

A

mouth

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49
Q

Neck

A

cervical

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50
Q

Thoracic

A

thorax

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51
Q

Pectoral

A

chest

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52
Q

Sternal

A

breastbone

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53
Q

Mammary

A

breast

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54
Q

abdominal

A

abdomen

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55
Q

Umbilical

A

navel

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56
Q

Pelvic

A

pelvis

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57
Q

Inguinal

A

groin

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58
Q

Pubic

A

genital

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59
Q

Otic

A

ear

60
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

61
Q

Mental

A

chin

62
Q

Clavicular

A

collarbone

63
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

64
Q

Brachial

A

arm

65
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

66
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

67
Q

Manual

A

hand

68
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

69
Q

Palmer

A

palm

70
Q

Digital

A

fingers

71
Q

Coxal

A

hip

72
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

73
Q

Patellar

A

kneecap

74
Q

Crural

A

leg

75
Q

Pedal

A

foot

76
Q

Talus

A

ankle

77
Q

Dorsum

A

top of foot

78
Q

Digital

A

toes

79
Q

Dorsal

A

back

80
Q

Occipital

A

base of skull

81
Q

Nuchal

A

back of neck

82
Q

Scapular

A

shoulder blade

83
Q

Vertebral

A

spinal column

84
Q

Lumbar

A

loin

85
Q

Sacral

A

between hips

86
Q

Gluteal

A

buttocks

87
Q

Perineal

A

perineum

88
Q

Cranial

A

skull

89
Q

Acromial

A

point of shoulder

90
Q

Olecranon

A

point of elbow

91
Q

Dorsum

A

back of hand

92
Q

Popliteal

A

hollow behind knee

93
Q

Sural

A

calf

94
Q

Plantar

A

sole

95
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel

96
Q

The 4 elements that are found most in humans are

A

Hydrogen 1.008
Carbon 12.01
Nitrogen 14.01
Oxygen 16.00

97
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has a chemical characteristic of that element

98
Q

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

A

proton

99
Q

The Chemical formula for ATP production

A

ADP + Pi –> ATP + H2O

100
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

101
Q

Weight

A

the gravitational force acting on an object of given mass

102
Q

What does a neutral atom become if it gains or loses an electron

A

Ion

103
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

104
Q

Anion

A

a negatively charged ion; their formed with an atom loosing or gaining electrons

105
Q

Ionic Bond

A

atoms exchange electrons

106
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

two or more atoms share electrons

107
Q

Element

A

the simplest type of matter with a unique chemical property; composed of only one kind of atom

108
Q

Compound

A

a substance composed of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically bound

109
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms chemically combine to form an independent unit

110
Q

When ionic compounds dissolve in water the process is called _____. The resating cations and anions are often called ______ because they can conduct an electric charge.

A

dissociation

electrolytes

111
Q

What is the collective name for the other intermolecular attractions that are beyond the scope of this class

A

electrostatic attractions

112
Q

Solubility

A

the ability of a substance to dissolve in water

113
Q

Oxidation involves ______ electrons

A

loosing

114
Q

Reduction involves ______ electrons

A

gaining

115
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new larger product

116
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

a large reactant is broken down to form smaller products

117
Q

Dehydration

A

synthetic reaction where water is a product

118
Q

Hydrolysis

A

water is split into 2 parts that contribute to the formation of the products

119
Q

Temp, concentration of reactants, catalysts, and enzymes are all factors that influence what

A

rate of chemical reactions

120
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

121
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds

122
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

does work and moves matter

123
Q

What is another name for potential energy stored in chemical bonds

A

Chemical energy

124
Q

Activation Energy

A

minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction

125
Q

The oxygen and hydrogen in water are held together by what type of bond?

A

Polar Covalent bonds

thee polar nature of the bonds is due to the uneven distribution of electrons within the water molecule

126
Q

Acid

A

a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions

127
Q

Base

A

a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions

128
Q

On the pH scale 7 is what

A

Neutral

129
Q

On the pH scale 1-6 are

A

acidic

130
Q

On the pH scale 8-10 are

A

basic

131
Q

Buffer

A

a solution of a conjugate acid base pair in which acid & base components occur in similar concentrations

132
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

generally substances that do not contain carbon

133
Q

Organic Compound

A

study of carbon containing substances those that are biologically active are called biochemicals

134
Q

Most of our bodys fuel comes from what

A

carbohydrates

135
Q

Polysacchrides

A

long chains of monosacchrides

136
Q

Starch and Cellulose are _______ that are naturally found in plants

A

polysacchrides

137
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

138
Q

Phospholipids

A

lipids that are polar at one end and non polar at the other. usually found in cell membranes

139
Q

Triglycerides

A

lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

140
Q

Cholesterol is both a ____ and a _____

A

lipid and a steroid

141
Q

Proteins are made up of single units called ___ that are held together by ___

A

amino acids

peptide bonds

142
Q

Proteins are mostly what

A

structural

143
Q

When a protein is ____ its shape has changed due to breaking of hydrogen bonds

A

denatured

144
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

145
Q

What kind of sugar does DNA contain

A

deoxyribose

146
Q

RNA is a single or double strand

A

single

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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