Chapter 1 & 2 Review Flashcards
Anatomy
scientific discipline that investigates the bodies structure
Physiology
scientific investigation of the process or function of living things
Gross or Microscopic anatomy
structures examined without a microscope
Regional
studied area by area
Systemic
studied system by system
Surface
external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Cytology
cellular anatomy
Histology
study of tissues
The Integumantary System
provides protection, regulation of body temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of: Skin, Hair, Nails, & Sweat Glands
The Skeletal System
provides protection & support, allows body movements, produces red blood cells, stores minerals and adipose
Consists of: bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints
The Muscular System
body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Consists of: muscles attached to skeleton by tendons
The Lymphatic System.
removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
Consist of: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, & other lymphatic organs
Respiratory System
exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Consists of: lungs, respiratory passages
Digestive system
digests food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste products
Consists of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessorie organs
Nervous System
detects sensation, controls movement, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Endocrine System
metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Consists of: glands, such as pituitary
Cardiovascular System
transports nutrients, waste products, and gasses through the body and regulates body temp
Consists of: blood and blood vessels
Urinary System
removes waste from the blood and regulates pH, water, and ion balance
Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sex cells, in woman also produces an environment for a growing fetus and milk for the baby after birth.
Cell
the basic structural and functional unit of plants and animals
Tissue
composed of a group a group similar cells and the material surrounding them
What are the levels of organization in order.
- Chemical Level
- Cell Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
Growth
an increase in size and or number of cells
Differentiation
changing from a general cell to a specific cell
Homeostasis
the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant condition inside the body.
Negative Feedback
maintains homeostasis
Positive Feedback
when the response to the original stimulus causes the body to move further away from homeostasis
Right
towards the right side of the body
Left
towards the left side of the body
Superior
a structure above another
Inferior
a structure below another
Cephalic
closer to the head (synonymous to superior)
Caudal
closer to the tail (synonymous to inferior)
Anterior
front of body
Posterior
back of body
Ventral
toward the belly (synonymous to anterior)
Dorsal
toward the back (synonymous to posterior)
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment to the body
Distal
farther away from the point of attachment to the body
Lateral
away from the midline
Medial
toward the midline
Superficial
toward the surface
Deep
away from the surface, internal
Cephalic
closer to the head
Frontal
forehead
Orbital
eye
Nasal
nose
Oral
mouth
Neck
cervical
Thoracic
thorax
Pectoral
chest
Sternal
breastbone
Mammary
breast
abdominal
abdomen
Umbilical
navel
Pelvic
pelvis
Inguinal
groin
Pubic
genital
Otic
ear
Buccal
cheek
Mental
chin
Clavicular
collarbone
Axillary
armpit
Brachial
arm
Antecubital
front of elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Manual
hand
Carpal
wrist
Palmer
palm
Digital
fingers
Coxal
hip
Femoral
thigh
Patellar
kneecap
Crural
leg
Pedal
foot
Talus
ankle
Dorsum
top of foot
Digital
toes
Dorsal
back
Occipital
base of skull
Nuchal
back of neck
Scapular
shoulder blade
Vertebral
spinal column
Lumbar
loin
Sacral
between hips
Gluteal
buttocks
Perineal
perineum
Cranial
skull
Acromial
point of shoulder
Olecranon
point of elbow
Dorsum
back of hand
Popliteal
hollow behind knee
Sural
calf
Plantar
sole
Calcaneal
heel
The 4 elements that are found most in humans are
Hydrogen 1.008
Carbon 12.01
Nitrogen 14.01
Oxygen 16.00
Atom
smallest particle of an element that has a chemical characteristic of that element
Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
proton
The Chemical formula for ATP production
ADP + Pi –> ATP + H2O
Mass
the amount of matter in an object
Weight
the gravitational force acting on an object of given mass
What does a neutral atom become if it gains or loses an electron
Ion
Cation
positively charged ion
Anion
a negatively charged ion; their formed with an atom loosing or gaining electrons
Ionic Bond
atoms exchange electrons
Covalent Bonds
two or more atoms share electrons
Element
the simplest type of matter with a unique chemical property; composed of only one kind of atom
Compound
a substance composed of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically bound
Molecule
2 or more atoms chemically combine to form an independent unit
When ionic compounds dissolve in water the process is called _____. The resating cations and anions are often called ______ because they can conduct an electric charge.
dissociation
electrolytes
What is the collective name for the other intermolecular attractions that are beyond the scope of this class
electrostatic attractions
Solubility
the ability of a substance to dissolve in water
Oxidation involves ______ electrons
loosing
Reduction involves ______ electrons
gaining
Synthesis Reaction
2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new larger product
Decomposition reaction
a large reactant is broken down to form smaller products
Dehydration
synthetic reaction where water is a product
Hydrolysis
water is split into 2 parts that contribute to the formation of the products
Temp, concentration of reactants, catalysts, and enzymes are all factors that influence what
rate of chemical reactions
Energy
the capacity to do work
Potential Energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
Kinetic Energy
does work and moves matter
What is another name for potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Chemical energy
Activation Energy
minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
The oxygen and hydrogen in water are held together by what type of bond?
Polar Covalent bonds
thee polar nature of the bonds is due to the uneven distribution of electrons within the water molecule
Acid
a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
Base
a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions
On the pH scale 7 is what
Neutral
On the pH scale 1-6 are
acidic
On the pH scale 8-10 are
basic
Buffer
a solution of a conjugate acid base pair in which acid & base components occur in similar concentrations
Inorganic Compound
generally substances that do not contain carbon
Organic Compound
study of carbon containing substances those that are biologically active are called biochemicals
Most of our bodys fuel comes from what
carbohydrates
Polysacchrides
long chains of monosacchrides
Starch and Cellulose are _______ that are naturally found in plants
polysacchrides
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Phospholipids
lipids that are polar at one end and non polar at the other. usually found in cell membranes
Triglycerides
lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids
Cholesterol is both a ____ and a _____
lipid and a steroid
Proteins are made up of single units called ___ that are held together by ___
amino acids
peptide bonds
Proteins are mostly what
structural
When a protein is ____ its shape has changed due to breaking of hydrogen bonds
denatured
The building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
What kind of sugar does DNA contain
deoxyribose
RNA is a single or double strand
single
