Chapter 9 Flashcards
psychic energy
freuds term for the collection of biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuel behavior, thoughts and feelings
erogenouz zones
in freuds theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
id
in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. it is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
oral stage
first stage in freuds theory, occuring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
ego
in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. it is rational, logical, problem solving component of personality
anal stage
second stage of freuds theory, roughly from 1-3, in which primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
phallic stage
3rd stage in freuds theory, lasting from 3-6, sexual pleasure is focused on genitalia
superego
in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
internalization
the process of adopting as ones own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person
oedipus complex
freuds term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by the father
electra complex
freuds term for the conflict experience by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their fathers and see their mother as a rival
latency period
4th stage in freuds theory, lasting from age 6 to 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities
genital stage
5th and final stage in freuds theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual intercourse becomes a major goal `
systematic desensitization
a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response. this approach is especially useful in the treatment of fears and phobias
intermittent reinforcement
inconsistent response to the behavior of another person, for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it
behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else recieve a reward or punishment
reciprocal determinism
Banduras concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions, children are affected by aspects of their environment, but also influence the environment
perceived self-efficacy
an individuals beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal
self socialization
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices and so on
role taking
being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that persons behavior, thoughts and feelings
hostile attributional bias
in Dodges theory, the tendency to assume that other people ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
achievement motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by learning goals, seeking to improve their competence amnd mater new material, or by performance goals, seeking to recieve positive assessment of their competence or to avoid negative assessment
entity/ helpless orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of a failure