Chapter 9

Question 1

psychic energy

Answer 1

freuds term for the collection of biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuel behavior, thoughts and feelings

Question 2

erogenouz zones

Answer 2

in freuds theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

Question 3

id

Answer 3

in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. it is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure

Question 4

oral stage

Answer 4

first stage in freuds theory, occuring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity

Question 5

ego

Answer 5

in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. it is rational, logical, problem solving component of personality

Question 6

anal stage

Answer 6

second stage of freuds theory, roughly from 1-3, in which primary source of pleasure comes from defecation

Question 7

phallic stage

Answer 7

3rd stage in freuds theory, lasting from 3-6, sexual pleasure is focused on genitalia

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards

Question 9

internalization

Answer 9

the process of adopting as ones own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person

Question 10

oedipus complex

Answer 10

freuds term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by the father

Question 11

electra complex

Answer 11

freuds term for the conflict experience by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their fathers and see their mother as a rival

Question 12

latency period

Answer 12

4th stage in freuds theory, lasting from age 6 to 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities

Question 13

genital stage

Answer 13

5th and final stage in freuds theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual intercourse becomes a major goal `

Question 14

systematic desensitization

Answer 14

a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response. this approach is especially useful in the treatment of fears and phobias

Question 15

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 15

inconsistent response to the behavior of another person, for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it

Question 16

behavior modification

Answer 16

a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

Question 17

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 17

observing someone else recieve a reward or punishment

Question 18

reciprocal determinism

Answer 18

Banduras concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions, children are affected by aspects of their environment, but also influence the environment

Question 19

perceived self-efficacy

Answer 19

an individuals beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal

Question 20

self socialization

Answer 20

the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices and so on

Question 21

role taking

Answer 21

being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that persons behavior, thoughts and feelings

Question 22

hostile attributional bias

Answer 22

in Dodges theory, the tendency to assume that other people ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent

Question 23

achievement motivation

Answer 23

refers to whether children are motivated by learning goals, seeking to improve their competence amnd mater new material, or by performance goals, seeking to recieve positive assessment of their competence or to avoid negative assessment

Question 24

entity/ helpless orientation

Answer 24

a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of a failure

Question 25

incremental/mastery orientation

Answer 25

a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

Question 26

entity theory

Answer 26

a theory that a persons level of intelligence is fixed and unchangable

Question 27

incremental theory

Answer 27

a theory that a persons intelligence can grow as a function of experience

Question 28

ethology

Answer 28

the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior

Question 29

imprinting

Answer 29

a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species

Question 30

parental investment theory

Answer 30

a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive invesment parents make in their offspring

Question 31

microsystem

Answer 31

bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences
siblings, home, parent

Question 32

mesosystem

Answer 32

bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate settings
school, neighborhood

Question 33

exosystem

Answer 33

bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly
parents work place

Question 34

macrosystem

Answer 34

bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systmes are embedded
politics

Question 35

chronosystem

Answer 35

bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems
great depression

Question 36

child maltreatment

Answer 36

intentional abuse or negelct that endangers the well being of anyone under the age of 18

Question 37

ADHD

Answer 37

a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention