Chapter 9

Question 1

the proportion of gene copies in a population that are a given allele: probability of finding the allele when a gene is taken randomly from the population.

Answer 1

allele frequency

Question 2

of a population or species, occupying a geographic region different and separated from that of another population or species

Answer 2

allopatric

Question 3

one of several forms of an enzyme encoded by different alleles at a locus

Answer 3

allozyme

Question 4

selection by humans of a deliberately chosen trait or combination of traits in a (usually captive) population;survival and reproduction is the trait chosen, rather than fitness as determined by the entire group

Answer 4

artificial selection

Question 5

gradual change in an allele frequency or in the mean of a character over a geographical transect

Answer 5

cline

Question 6

place in which (usually conspecific) organisms, perhaps from different geographic populations, are reared together, enabling the investigator to ascribe variation among them to genetic rather than environmental differences

Answer 6

common garden

Question 7

genetically determined phenotype of a species that is found as a local variant associated with certain ecological conditions

Answer 7

ecotype

Question 8

method of separating genetically different forms of a protein, once an important way way to detect variation in the encoding gene

Answer 8

electrophoresis

Question 9

variation among individuals in a phenotypic trait that is caused by variation in the environment rather than by genetics

Answer 9

environmental variance

Question 10

Inherited changed in gene expression or phenotype that are not based on changes in DNA sequence

Answer 10

epigentic inheritance

Question 11

refers to one of the representatives of particular gene in an individual or cell

Answer 11

gene copy

Question 12

incorporation of genes into the gene pool of one population from one or more other populations

Answer 12

gene flow

Question 13

random changes in the frequencies of two or more alleles or genotypes within population

Answer 13

genetic drift

Question 14

variation a trait within population, as measured by the variance that is due to genetic differences among individuals

Answer 14

genetic variation

Question 15

set if genes possessed by an individual organism; its genetic composition at a specific locus or set of loci singled out for discussion

Answer 15

genotype

Question 16

phenotypic variation arising from the difference in the effect of the environment on the expression of different genotype

Answer 16

genotype x Environmental interactions

Question 17

proportion of individual in a population that carry a specific genotype at one more more loci

Answer 17

genotype frequencies

Question 18

variation among spatially distributed population of a species

Answer 18

geographic variation

Question 19

pertaining to the genotype frequencies expected at a locus under ideal equilibrium conditions in a randomly mating population

Answer 19

Hardy-Weinberg equilibruim

Question 20

proportion of the variance in a trait among individuals that is attributable to differences in genotype

Answer 20

heritablity

Question 21

proportion of a loci at which a randomly chosen individual is heterozygous, on average

Answer 21

heterozygosity

Question 22

individual organism that possesses different alleles at a locus

Answer 22

heretozygous

Question 23

individual organism that has the same allele at each of its copies of a genetic locus

Answer 23

homozygous

Question 24

individual formed by mating between unlike forms, usually genetically differentiated populations or species

Answer 24

hybrid zone

Question 25

of two or more gene copies, being derived from a single gene copy in a specified common ancestor of the organism that carry the copies

Answer 25

identical by descent

Question 26

mating between relatives that occur more frequently than if mates were chosen at random from a population

Answer 26

inbreeding

Question 27

probability that a random pair of gene copies, inherited offspring from two parents, is identical by descent

Answer 27

inbreeding coefficent

Question 28

reduction, in inbred individuals, of the mean value of a character

Answer 28

inbreeding depression

Question 29

model of population structure in which the likelihood of mating decreases with the geographic distance between individuals, so that local mating causes geographic variation in allele frequencies

Answer 29

isolation by distance

Question 30

allele that causes virtually complete mortality, usually early in development

Answer 30

lethal allele

Question 31

occurrence of two loci on the same chromosome: the loci are functionally linked only if they are so close together that they do no segregate independently in meiosis

Answer 31

linkage

Question 32

association of two alleles at two or more loci at frequency predicted by their individual frequencues

Answer 32

linkage equilibrium

Question 33

association of two alleles at two or more loci more (less) frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies

Answer 33

linkage diequilibrium

Question 34

non-genetic effect of mother on the phenotype if her offspring, stemming from factors such as cytoplasmic inheritance, transmission of symbionts from mother to offspring, or nutritional conditions

Answer 34

maternal effect

Question 35

refers to directed large-scale movements of organisms that do not necessarily results in gene flow

Answer 35

migration

Question 36

having one form; refers to population in which virtually all individuals have the same genotype at a locus

Answer 36

monmorphism

Question 37

set of phenotypic expression of a genotype under different environmental conditions

Answer 37

norm of reaction

Question 38

bell-shaped frequency distribution of a variable; the expected distribution in many factors with independent, small effects determine the value of variable; basis for many statistical formaulation

Answer 38

normal distribution

Question 39

When mating is random

Answer 39

panmictic

Question 40

of two species or populations, having contiguous but non-overlapping geographic distrubtion

Answer 40

parapatric

Question 41

morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavior, and other properties of an organism manifested throughout its life; or any subset of such properties, especially those affected by a particular allele or other portion of the genotype

Answer 41

phenotype

Question 42

capacity of an organism to develope any of several phenotypic states, depending on the environment; usually this capacity is assumed to be adaptive

Answer 42

phenotypic plasticity

Question 43

character whose variation is based wholly or in part on allele variation at more than a few loci

Answer 43

polygenic

Question 44

existence within a population of two or more genotypes, the rarest of which exceeds some arbitrarily low frequency; more rarely, the existence of phenotypic variation within a population, whether or not genetically based

Answer 44

polymorphism

Question 45

phenotypic character that varies continuously rather than as discretely different character states

Answer 45

quantitative variation

Question 46

union of female and male gametes produced by the same genetic individual

Answer 46

self-fertilization

Question 47

variation in the identity of a nucleotide base pair at a single position in a DNA sequence, within or among population of a species

Answer 47

single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 48

square root of the variance

Answer 48

standard deviation

Question 49

named geographic race; a set of populations of a species that share one or more distinctive features and occupy a different geographic area from other sunspecies

Answer 49

subspecies

Question 50

of two species or populations, occupying the same geographic locality so that the opportunity to interbreed is presented

Answer 50

sympatric

Question 51

avg. squared deviation of an observation from the arithmetic mean

Answer 51

variance