CH 1+2

Question 1

process of genetic change in a population whereby, as a result of natural selection, avg. state of a character becomes improved with reference to a specific function, or whereby a population is thought to have become better suited to some ft. of its environment

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

evolutionary change of a ft. within a lineage over an arbitrary period of time

Answer 2

anagenesis

Question 3

ft. or a trait

Answer 3

character

Question 4

one of the variant conditions of a character

Answer 4

character state

Question 5

Doctrine that each species was created separately, essentially in its present form, by a supernatural creator

Answer 5

creationist movement

Question 6

set of species descended form a particular ancestral species

Answer 6

clade

Question 7

branching of lineages during phylogeny

Answer 7

cladogenesis

Question 8

lineage from which two or more descendant lineages evolved

Answer 8

common ancestor

Question 9

0

Answer 9

descent with modification

Question 10

evolution of increasing difference between lineages in one or more characters

Answer 10

Divergence

Question 11

philosophical view that all members of a class of objects share certain invariant, unchanging properties that distinguish them from other classes

Answer 11

essentialism

Question 12

origin of entities possessing different states of one or more characteristic and changes in the proportions of those entities over time

Answer 12

evolution

Question 13

reconciliation of darwin’s theory with the findings of modern genetics, which gave rise to a theory that emphasized the coaction of random mutation, selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

Answer 13

evolutionary synthesis

Question 14

proportion, of gene copies having that allelic state

Answer 14

frequency

Question 15

diagram representing the history by which gene copies have been derived from ancestral gene copies in previous generation

Answer 15

gene tree

Question 16

DNA sequence that differs from homologous sequence at one or more base pair sites

Answer 16

haplotype

Question 17

taxon about the species level, such as a named genus or phylum

Answer 17

higher taxon

Question 18

possession by two or more species of a character state derived, with or without modification , from their common ancestor

Answer 18

homology

Question 19

possession by two or more species of a similar or identical character state that has not been derived by both species from their common ancestor

Answer 19

homoplasy

Question 20

movement of gene or symbionts between individual organisms other than by transmission from parents to their offspring

Answer 20

horizontal gene transfer

Question 21

informed conjecture or proposition of what might be true

Answer 21

hypothesis

Question 22

persistence of a genetic polymorphism through a speciation event, so that fixation occurs only in the descendant species, or in their descendants after subsequent speciation

Answer 22

incomplete lineage sorting

Question 23

diverged from a group of other taxa

Answer 23

ingroup

Question 24

formerly widespread belief that modifications of an individual during its life time, due to its behavior or its environment, could be transmitted to its descendents

Answer 24

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 25

theory that evolution is caused by inheritance of character changes acquired during the life of an individual due to tis behavior or to environmental influnces

Answer 25

lamarckism

Question 26

series of ancestral and descendants populations through time; usually refers to a single evolving species, but may include several species descended from a common ancestor

Answer 26

lineage

Question 27

evolution of substantial phenotypic changes, usually great enough to place the changed lineage and its descendants in a distinct genus or higher taxon

Answer 27

macroevolution

Question 28

slight, short-term evolutionary changes within species

Answer 28

microevolution

Question 29

statistical method of estimating the parameters of a model from data

Answer 29

maximum likeihood

Question 30

concept of a steady rate of change in DNA sequence over time, providing a basis for dating the time of divergence of lineages if the rates of change can be estimated

Answer 30

molecular clock

Question 31

refers to a taxon, or a bunch of a phylogenetic tree or gene tree, that includes all the species that descended from a common ancestor

Answer 31

monophyletic

Question 32

differential survival and/or reproduction of classes of entities that differ in one or more characteristics

Answer 32

natural selection

Question 33

modern theory that natural selection, acting on randomly generated particulate genetic variation, is the major, but not the sole, cause of evolution

Answer 33

neo-darwinsim

Question 34

taxon that diverged from a group of other taxa before they diverged from one another

Answer 34

outgroup

Question 35

refers to a taxon whose members are all derived from a single ancestor, but which does not include all the descendants of that ancestor

Answer 35

paraphylectic

Question 36

principle of accounting for observations by the hypothesis requiring the fewest or simplest assumptions that lack evidence
(principle of invoking the minimal number of evolutionary changes to infer phylogenetic relationship)

Answer 36

parsimony

Question 37

diagram representing the evolutionary relationships among named groups of organisms (their history of descent from common ancestor)

Answer 37

phylogenetic tree

Question 38

group of conspecific organism that occupy a more or less well defined geographic region and exhibit reproductive continuity from generation to generation

Answer 38

population

Question 39

history of descent of a group of taxa such as species from their common ancestor, including the order of branching and sometimes the absolute time of divergence

Answer 39

phylogeny

Question 40

taxon composed of members derived by evolution from ancestors in more than one ancestral taxon (members that do no share a unique common ancestor)

Answer 40

polyphylectic

Question 41

nonfunctional member of a gene family that has been derived from a functional gene

Answer 41

pseudogene

Question 42

coherent body of statements, based on reasoning and evidence, that explains some aspects of nature by recourse to natural laws or processess

Answer 42

scientific theory

Question 43

two species or higher taxa that are derived from an immediate common ancestor, and are therefore one another’s closest relatives

Answer 43

sister group

Question 44

derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa and is postulated to have evolved in their common ancestor

Answer 44

synapomorphy

Question 45

named unit to which individuals, or sets of species, are assigned

Answer 45

taxon

Question 46

proposition that natural processes that operated in the past are the same as in the present

Answer 46

uniformitarianism