CH 7&8

Question 1

A set of similar ecological niches occupied by a group of (usually) related species, often constituting a higher taxon

Answer 1

Adaptive zone

Question 2

Magnitude of the effect of an allele on a character, measured as half the phenotypic difference between homozygous for that allele compared with homozygous for a different allele

Answer 2

Additive

Question 3

One of several forms of the same gene, presumably differing by mutation of the DNA sequence. Usually recognized by phenotypic effects

Answer 3

Allele

Question 4

Polyploid in which the several chromosome sets are derived from more than one species

Answer 4

Allopolyploid

Question 5

Cell or organism, possessing too many or too few homologous chromosomes, relative to the normal set

Answer 5

Aneuploid

Question 6

Polyploid in which the several chromosomes sets are derived from the same species

Answer 6

Autopolyploid

Question 7

Long-prevailing rate at which taxa become extinct, in contrast to the highly elevated rate that characterize mass extinction

Answer 7

Background extinction

Question 8

Mutation of an allele back to the allele from which it arose by an earlier mutation

Answer 8

Back mutation

Question 9

Population density that can be sustained by limiting resources

Answer 9

Carrying capacity

Question 10

adjacent to the coding sequence

located elsewhere in genome

Answer 10

Cis, trans

Question 11

Nucleotide triplet that encodes an amino acid or acts as a stop signal translation

Answer 11

Codon

Question 12

Extinction of a population due to competition with another species

Answer 12

Competitive exclusion

Question 13

Untranscribed regions of the genome to which products of other genes bind, and which enhances or repress transcription of specific genes

Answer 13

Control regions (enhancer and repressors)

Question 14

Magnitude of variation in morphological or other phenotypic characters among species in a clade or taxon

Answer 14

Disparity

Question 15

Process that have a stronger effect on per capita rates of speciation or extinction when the diversity of species is greater

Answer 15

Diversity-dependent factors

Question 16

Extent to which it produces when hetero the same phenotype,

Answer 16

Dominance

Question 17

Cell or organism, possessing the normal, balanced, number of chromosomes

Answer 17

Euploid

Question 18

Part of a gene that is translated into a polypeptide

Answer 18

Exon

Question 19

Nonlinear increase of a property over time, described by an exponential equation

Answer 19

Exponential growth

Question 20

Carried by entire population (mutation)

Answer 20

Fixed

Question 21

Insertion or deletion of base pairs in a translated DNA sequence that alters the reading frame, resulting in multiple downstream changes in the gene product

Answer 21

Frameshift mutation

Question 22

Functional unit of heredity

Answer 22

Gene

Question 23

Two or more loci with similar nucleotide sequences that have been derived from a common ancestral sequence

Answer 23

Gene family

Question 24

Translation through polypeptides or proteins

Answer 24

Genetic code

Question 25

Readily detected generic variant that is used to trace variation and inheritance of a closely linked region that may include a gene of interest

Answer 25

Genetic marker

Question 26

DNA sequence that differs from homologous sequences at one or more base pair sites

Answer 26

Haplotype

Question 27

Recombination within a gene

Answer 27

Intragenic recombination

Question 28

Part of the gene that is not translated into a polypeptide

Answer 28

Intron

Question 29

A 180° reversal of the orientation of a part of a chromosomes, relative to some standard chromosome

Answer 29

Inversion

Question 30

Chromosome complement of an individual

Answer 30

Karyotype

Question 31

Adaptation that provides the basis for using a new, substantially different habitat or resource

Answer 31

Key adaptation

Question 32

Graph of the apparent change in number of lineages in a clade, often based on a time-calibrated phylogeny

Answer 32

Lineage-through-time plot

Question 33

Site on a chromosomes occupied by a specific gene; more loosely, the gene itself, in all its allelic states

Answer 33

Locus

Question 34

Highly elevated rate of extinction of species, extending over an interval that is relatively short on a geological time scale

Answer 34

Mass extinction

Question 35

Short, highly repeated, untranslated DNA sequence

Answer 35

Microsatellite

Question 36

Error in the replication of a nucleotide sequence, or any other alteration of the genome that is not manifested as reciprocal recombination

Answer 36

Mutation

Question 37

Increment in the genetic variance of a phenotypic character caused by new mutation in each generation

Answer 37

Mutational variance

Question 38

Base pair substitution in DNA that results in an amino acid substitution in the protein product

Answer 38

Nonsynonymous mutations

Question 39

Phenotypic effect of a gene on more than one character

Answer 39

Pleiotropic

Question 40

Mutation that maps to a specific gene locus; change of a singular base pair

Answer 40

Point mutation

Question 41

Of a cell or organism, possessing more than two chromosome complement

Answer 41

Polyploidy

Question 42

Arisen via the retrotransposition of mRNA into cDNA

Answer 42

Processed pseudogene

Question 43

Degree to which the taxonomic composition of a biota is differentiated among major geographic regions

Answer 43

Provinciality

Question 44

Artifact in estimating diversity in the fossil record, whereby taxa that are still alive have apparently longer duration than they would it they had been counted only from fossil data, and so will inflate the count of taxa, compared to the more remote past

Answer 44

Pull of the recent

Question 45

Phenotypically detectable only when homologous

Answer 45

Recessive

Question 46

Recombinational exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosome

Answer 46

Reciprocal translocation

Question 47

Repeated origin of mutation of a particular kind within a species

Answer 47

Recurrent mutation

Question 48

Proposition that taxa become extinct at an approximately constant rate because they fail to evolve as fast as other species with which they have antagonistic interaction

Answer 48

Red queen hypothesis

Question 49

Group selection: species with different characteristics increase or decrease in number at different rates because of a difference in their characteristic

Answer 49

Species selection

Question 50

Correlation between a particular character and the rate of diversification among clade

Answer 50

Species sorting

Question 51

Complete replacement of one allele for another within a population or species over evolutionary time

Answer 51

Substitution

Question 52

Multipe codons code for the same thing

Answer 52

Synonymous codon

Question 53

Fixation of a base pair change that does not alter the amino acid in the protein product of a gene

Answer 53

Synonymous mutation

Question 54

One of a group of adjacent duplicates copies of a DNA sequence

Answer 54

Tandem repeat

Question 55

Mutation that changes a nucleotide to another nucleotide in the same class

Answer 55

Transition

Question 56

DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome

Answer 56

Transposable element

Question 57

Movement of a copy of a transposable element to a different site in the genome

Answer 57

Transposition

Question 58

Mutation that changes a nucleotide to another nucleotide in the opposite class (purine or pyrimidine)

Answer 58

Transversion

Question 59

Recombination between nonhomologous sites on two homologous chromosomes

Answer 59

Unequal crossing over

Question 60

Allele, genotype, of phenotype that is most prevalent in wild population; with reference to the wild-type allele, other alleles are often termed mutation

Answer 60

Wild type