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Evolution > CH 7&8 > Flashcards

CH 7&8 Flashcards

1
Q

A set of similar ecological niches occupied by a group of (usually) related species, often constituting a higher taxon

A

Adaptive zone

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2
Q

Magnitude of the effect of an allele on a character, measured as half the phenotypic difference between homozygous for that allele compared with homozygous for a different allele

A

Additive

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3
Q

One of several forms of the same gene, presumably differing by mutation of the DNA sequence. Usually recognized by phenotypic effects

A

Allele

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4
Q

Polyploid in which the several chromosome sets are derived from more than one species

A

Allopolyploid

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5
Q

Cell or organism, possessing too many or too few homologous chromosomes, relative to the normal set

A

Aneuploid

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6
Q

Polyploid in which the several chromosomes sets are derived from the same species

A

Autopolyploid

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7
Q

Long-prevailing rate at which taxa become extinct, in contrast to the highly elevated rate that characterize mass extinction

A

Background extinction

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8
Q

Mutation of an allele back to the allele from which it arose by an earlier mutation

A

Back mutation

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9
Q

Population density that can be sustained by limiting resources

A

Carrying capacity

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10
Q

adjacent to the coding sequence

located elsewhere in genome

A

Cis, trans

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11
Q

Nucleotide triplet that encodes an amino acid or acts as a stop signal translation

A

Codon

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12
Q

Extinction of a population due to competition with another species

A

Competitive exclusion

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13
Q

Untranscribed regions of the genome to which products of other genes bind, and which enhances or repress transcription of specific genes

A

Control regions (enhancer and repressors)

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14
Q

Magnitude of variation in morphological or other phenotypic characters among species in a clade or taxon

A

Disparity

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15
Q

Process that have a stronger effect on per capita rates of speciation or extinction when the diversity of species is greater

A

Diversity-dependent factors

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16
Q

Extent to which it produces when hetero the same phenotype,

A

Dominance

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17
Q

Cell or organism, possessing the normal, balanced, number of chromosomes

A

Euploid

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18
Q

Part of a gene that is translated into a polypeptide

A

Exon

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19
Q

Nonlinear increase of a property over time, described by an exponential equation

A

Exponential growth

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20
Q

Carried by entire population (mutation)

A

Fixed

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21
Q

Insertion or deletion of base pairs in a translated DNA sequence that alters the reading frame, resulting in multiple downstream changes in the gene product

A

Frameshift mutation

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22
Q

Functional unit of heredity

A

Gene

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23
Q

Two or more loci with similar nucleotide sequences that have been derived from a common ancestral sequence

A

Gene family

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24
Q

Translation through polypeptides or proteins

A

Genetic code

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25
Q

Readily detected generic variant that is used to trace variation and inheritance of a closely linked region that may include a gene of interest

A

Genetic marker

26
Q

DNA sequence that differs from homologous sequences at one or more base pair sites

A

Haplotype

27
Q

Recombination within a gene

A

Intragenic recombination

28
Q

Part of the gene that is not translated into a polypeptide

A

Intron

29
Q

A 180° reversal of the orientation of a part of a chromosomes, relative to some standard chromosome

A

Inversion

30
Q

Chromosome complement of an individual

A

Karyotype

31
Q

Adaptation that provides the basis for using a new, substantially different habitat or resource

A

Key adaptation

32
Q

Graph of the apparent change in number of lineages in a clade, often based on a time-calibrated phylogeny

A

Lineage-through-time plot

33
Q

Site on a chromosomes occupied by a specific gene; more loosely, the gene itself, in all its allelic states

A

Locus

34
Q

Highly elevated rate of extinction of species, extending over an interval that is relatively short on a geological time scale

A

Mass extinction

35
Q

Short, highly repeated, untranslated DNA sequence

A

Microsatellite

36
Q

Error in the replication of a nucleotide sequence, or any other alteration of the genome that is not manifested as reciprocal recombination

A

Mutation

37
Q

Increment in the genetic variance of a phenotypic character caused by new mutation in each generation

A

Mutational variance

38
Q

Base pair substitution in DNA that results in an amino acid substitution in the protein product

A

Nonsynonymous mutations

39
Q

Phenotypic effect of a gene on more than one character

A

Pleiotropic

40
Q

Mutation that maps to a specific gene locus; change of a singular base pair

A

Point mutation

41
Q

Of a cell or organism, possessing more than two chromosome complement

A

Polyploidy

42
Q

Arisen via the retrotransposition of mRNA into cDNA

A

Processed pseudogene

43
Q

Degree to which the taxonomic composition of a biota is differentiated among major geographic regions

A

Provinciality

44
Q

Artifact in estimating diversity in the fossil record, whereby taxa that are still alive have apparently longer duration than they would it they had been counted only from fossil data, and so will inflate the count of taxa, compared to the more remote past

A

Pull of the recent

45
Q

Phenotypically detectable only when homologous

A

Recessive

46
Q

Recombinational exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosome

A

Reciprocal translocation

47
Q

Repeated origin of mutation of a particular kind within a species

A

Recurrent mutation

48
Q

Proposition that taxa become extinct at an approximately constant rate because they fail to evolve as fast as other species with which they have antagonistic interaction

A

Red queen hypothesis

49
Q

Group selection: species with different characteristics increase or decrease in number at different rates because of a difference in their characteristic

A

Species selection

50
Q

Correlation between a particular character and the rate of diversification among clade

A

Species sorting

51
Q

Complete replacement of one allele for another within a population or species over evolutionary time

A

Substitution

52
Q

Multipe codons code for the same thing

A

Synonymous codon

53
Q

Fixation of a base pair change that does not alter the amino acid in the protein product of a gene

A

Synonymous mutation

54
Q

One of a group of adjacent duplicates copies of a DNA sequence

A

Tandem repeat

55
Q

Mutation that changes a nucleotide to another nucleotide in the same class

A

Transition

56
Q

DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome

A

Transposable element

57
Q

Movement of a copy of a transposable element to a different site in the genome

A

Transposition

58
Q

Mutation that changes a nucleotide to another nucleotide in the opposite class (purine or pyrimidine)

A

Transversion

59
Q

Recombination between nonhomologous sites on two homologous chromosomes

A

Unequal crossing over

60
Q

Allele, genotype, of phenotype that is most prevalent in wild population; with reference to the wild-type allele, other alleles are often termed mutation

A

Wild type

Evolution (18 decks)

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