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Sensation & Perception > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

0
Q

Cycle

A

In a sound wave, a repeating segment of air pressure

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1
Q

Sound waves

A

Waves of pressure changes in air caused by the vibrations of a source

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2
Q

Periodic sound waves

A

Waves in which the cycles of compression and rarefaction repeat in a regular, or periodic, fashion

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3
Q

Pure tone

A

A sound wave in which air pressure changes over time according to w mathematical formula called sine wave or sinusoid

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4
Q

Frequency

A

The physical dimensions of sound that is related to the perceptual dimension of pitch; expressed in hertz, the number of cycles per second of. Periodic sound wave

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5
Q

Pitch

A

The perceptual dimension of sound that corresponds to the physical dimension of frequency; the perceived highness or lowness of a sound

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6
Q

Hertz(Hz)

A

The number of cycles per second of a sound wave; the physical unit used to measure frequency

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7
Q

Amplitude

A

The difference between the maximum and minimum sound pressure in a sound wave; the physical dimension of sound that is related to the perceptual dimension of loudness

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8
Q

Loudness

A

The perceptual dimension of sound that is related to the physical dimension of amplitude; how intense or quiet a sound seems

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9
Q

Decibels

A

A physical unit used to measure sound amplitude; logarithmically related to sound pressure measured in micropascals

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10
Q

Audibility curve

A

A curve showing the minimum amplitude at which sounds can be detected at each frequency

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11
Q

Equal loudness contour

A

A curve showing the amplitude of tones at different frequencies that sound about equally loud

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12
Q

Fourier analysis

A

A mathematical procedure for decomposing a complex waveform into a collection of sine waves with various frequencies and amplitudes

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13
Q

Fourier spectrum

A

A depiction of the amplitudes at all frequencies that make up a complex wave form

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14
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

The frequency of the lowest-frequency component of a complex waveform;determines the perceived pitch of the sound

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15
Q

Harmonic

A

A component frequency of a complex waveform that is an integer mult
E of the fundamental frequency

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16
Q

Timbre

A

The difference in sound quality between two sounds with the same pitch and loudness

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17
Q

Pinna

A

Outermost portion of the ear

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18
Q

Auditory canal

A

A narrow channel that funnels sound waves gathered by the pinna onto the tympanic membrane and that amplifies certain frequencies in those waves

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19
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

A thin, elastic diaphragm at the inner end of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to the sound waves that strike it.

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20
Q

Ossicles

A

Three small bones in the middle ear that transmit sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

21
Q

Malleus

A

A small bone in the inner ear; one of the ossicles, transmits sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the incus

22
Q

Incus

A

A small bone in the inner ear; one of the ossicles; transmits sound energy from the malleus to the stapes

23
Q

Stapes

A

A small bone in the inner ear; one of the ossicles; transmits sound energy from the Indus to the oval window

24
Q

Oval window

A

A membrane covered opening at the base of the cochlea; vibrations of the membrane transmit sound energy from the ossicles into the cochlea

25
Q

Eustachian tube

A

A tube connecting the middle ear and the top part of the throat; normally closed but can be briefly opened to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with the air pressure outside

26
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, tapered tube within the temporal bone of the head. Partitioned along its length into three chambers; contains the structures involved in auditory transduction

27
Q

Vestibular canal

A

One of the three chambers in the cochlea, separated from the cochlear duct by Reissner’s membrane; filled with perilymph

28
Q

Cochlear duct

A

One of the three chambers in the cochlea; separated from the tympanic canal by the basilar membrane, contains the organ of corti, filled with endolymph

29
Q

Tympanic canal

A

One of the three chambers in the cochlea; separated from the cochlea duct by the basilar membrane; filled with perilymph

30
Q

Helicotrema

A

An opening in the partitioning membranes at the apex of the cochlea. Provides an open pathway for the perilymph to carry vibrations through the cochlea

31
Q

Round window

A

A membrane-covered opening at the base of the tympanic canal in the cochlea, serves as a kind of relief valve for the pressure waves traveling through perilymph

32
Q

Basilar membrane

A

A tapered membrane suspended between the walls of the cochlea; thicker, narrower, and stiffer at the base than at the apex

33
Q

Characteristic frequency

A

The frequency to which each location on the basilar membrane responds to most readily

34
Q

Organ of corti

A

A structure in the cochlea situated on the basilar membrane, consists of three critical components-inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and the tectorial membrane

35
Q

Inner hair cells

A

Neurons in the organ of Corti; serve to amplify and sharpen the responses of inner hair cells

36
Q

Outer hair cells

A

Neurons in the organ of corti; serve to amplify and sharpen the responses of inner hair cells

37
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

A membrane that lies above the hair cells in the organ of Corti

38
Q

Stereocilia

A

Small hairlike projections on the tops of inner and outer hair cells

39
Q

Auditory nerve

A

The nerve that conveys signals from the hair cells in the organ of Corti to the brain, made up of Type 1 and Type 2 auditory nerve fibers bundled together

40
Q

Tip links

A

Tiny fibers connecting the tips of adjacent stereocilia on hair cells; increased tension on tip links pulls open ion channels in the membranes of the stereocilia

41
Q

Motile response

A

A response by outer hair cells that magnifies the movements of the basilar membrane, amplifying sounds and sharpening the response to particular frequencies

42
Q

Place code

A

Frequency representation based on the displacement of the basilar membrane at different locations

43
Q

Temporal code

A

Frequency representation based on a match between the frequencies in incoming sound waves and the firing rates of auditory nerve fibers

44
Q

Hearing impairment

A

A decrease in a persons ability to detect or discriminate sounds, compared to the ability of a healthy young adult

45
Q

Tinnitus

A

A persistent perception of sound, such as a ringing or buzzing, not caused by any actual sound.

46
Q

Audiometer

A

An instrument that presents pure tones with known frequency and amplitude to the right or the left ear; used in estimating the listeners absolute threshold for specific frequencies and to construct an audiogram

47
Q

Audiogram

A

A graphical depiction of auditory sensitivity to specific frequencies, compared to the sensitivity of a standard listener; used to characterize possible hearing loss

48
Q

Conductive hearing impairments

A

Hearing impairments characterized by a loss of sound conduction to the cochlea, as a result of problems in the outer or middle ear

49
Q

Sensorineural hearing impairments

A

Hearing impairments caused by damage to the cochlea, the auditory nerve, or the auditory areas or pathways of the brain.

Sensation & Perception (12 decks)

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