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Sensation & Perception > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two successive peaks in a wave; different types of electromagnetic radiation are defined by their differences in wavelength

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1
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

A physical phenomena that is simultaneously both a wave and a stream of particles

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2
Q

Photon

A

Single particles of light, smallest possible quantity of electromagnetic radiation

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3
Q

Optic array

A

The spatial patterns of light rays, varying in brightness and color, entering your eyes from different locations in a scene

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4
Q

Field of view

A

Is the portion of the surrounding space you can see when your eyes are in a given position in their sockets

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5
Q

Acuity

A

Measure of how clearly fine detail is seen

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6
Q

Optical axis

A

Is an imaginary diameter line from the front to the back of the eye

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7
Q

Sclera

A

A tough protective coating whose visible portion is the whites of our eyes, and the transparent cornea

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8
Q

Choroid

A

Is the middle membrane, it lines the interior of the sclera and contains most of the blood vessels that supply the inside of the eye with the oxygen and nutrients

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9
Q

Retina

A

Inner membrane made up of neurons, including receptors that convert the light into neural signals

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10
Q

Cornea

A

Is a transporter membrane at the front of the eye, which sharply refracts light to focus it on the retina

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11
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of the eye, small donut shaped muscle with an opening in the middle known as the pupil

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12
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

The automatic process by which the iris contracts and relaxes to control the size of the pupil, in response to the relative brightness of light entering the eye

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13
Q

Anterior chamber

A

The space between the cornea and the iris

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14
Q

Posterior chamber

A

The space between the iris and the lens.

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15
Q

Aqueous humor

A

A clear thin fluid filling the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

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16
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

The main interior portion of the eye filled with vitreous humor

17
Q

Vitreous humor

A

A clear, somewhat gel-like fluid filling the vitreous chamber

18
Q

Intraocular pressure

A

The pressure of the fluids in the 3 chambers of the eye

19
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure near the front of the eye that refracts the light passing through the pupil so that the light focuses properly on the retina

20
Q

Focal length

A

The distance from a lens at which the image of an object is in focus when the object is far away from the lens

21
Q

Diopters

A

Units used to express the power of a lens; diopters=1/(focal length)

22
Q

Zonal fibers

A

Fibers that connect the lens to the choroid; they pull on the lens to change its shape

23
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Tiny muscles attached to the choroid; they relax and contract to control how the choroid pulls on the zonule fibers to change the shape of the lens

24
Q

Luminance contrast

A

A difference in the intensity of illumination at adjacent retinal locations

25
Q

Photopigment

A

A molecule with the ability to absorb light and initiate transduction

26
Q

Spectral sensitivity

A

The degree to which a photopigment molecule absorbs light of different wavelengths

27
Q

Isomers

A

Different possible shapes of molecules such as the all-trans retinal and 11-cis retinal shapes of photopigment molecules

28
Q

Photoisomerization

A

A change in shape by a photopigment molecule from one isomer to another ( cis to trans) when a molecule absorbs a photon, initiates the transduction of light to a neural signal.

29
Q

Operating range

A

The visual systems sensitivity to the range of light intensifies within the current scene; the visual system adjusts its operating range according to current conditions

30
Q

Dark adaptation

A

The process of adjusting retinal sensitivity as the person moves from a bright environment to a darker one, the reverse process is called light adaptation

31
Q

Rod monochromats

A

Individual sixth a very rare genetic disorder in which the retina develops with rods but without cones

32
Q

Photopigment regeneration

A

The process whereby photopigment molecules change back into the 11-cis shape after photoisomerization

33
Q

Convergence

A

A property of retinal circuits in which multiple photoreceptors send signals to one RGC

34
Q

Spatial summation

A

A property of retinal circuits with convergence in which signals from photoreceptors in some small space on the retina summate to affect the response of the RGC in the circuit

35
Q

Center surround receptive field

A

An RGC receptive field in which the center of the receptive field responds differently to stimulation than the surrounding portion of the field

36
Q

On-center receptive fields

A

Receptive fields of RGC’s with center surround structure in which he RGC increase their firing rate when the amount of light striking the center of the receptive field increases relative to the amount of lights striking the surround

37
Q

Preferred stimulus

A

The type of stimulus that produces a neurons maximum firing rate; for RGC’s with on-center receptive fields, the preferred stimulus is a spot of light that exactly fills the center of the receptive field

38
Q

Off-center receptive fields

A

Receptive fields of RGC’s decrease their firing rate when the amount of light striking the center of the receptive field decreases relative to the amount of light striking the surround

39
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Inhibitory neural signals transmitted by horizontal cells in retinal circuits

40
Q

Edge enhancement

A

Approves by which the visual system makes edges as visible as possible, facilitating perception of where one object or surface ends in the retinal image and another begins

Sensation & Perception (12 decks)

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