Chapter 11 Flashcards
Vowels
Speech sounds produced with a relatively unrestricted flow of air through the pharynx and oral cavity
Phonemes
Smallest units of sound within a word
Constants
Speech sounds produced by restricting the flow of air at one place or another along the path of the airflow from the vocal folds
Formants
Frequency bands with relatively high amplitude in the harmonic spectrum of a vowel sound
Sound spectrum
A graph that includes the dimensions of frequency, amplitude, and time, showing how the frequencies corresponding to each vowel sound in an utterance change over time
Place of articulation
In the production of consonants, the point in the vocal tract at which airflow is restricted
Manner of articulation
In the production of consonants, the nature of the restriction of airflow in the vocal tract
Voicing
In the production of consonants, specifies whether the vocal folds are vibrating or not
Coarticulation
The influence of one phoneme on the acoustic properties of another, due to the articulately movements required to produce them in sequence
Categorical perception
Exception of different sensory stimuli as identical, up to a point at which further variation in the stimulus leads to a sharp change in the perception
Voice onset time
In the production of stop consonants, the interval between the initial burst of frequencies and the onset of voicing
Phonemic boundary
The voice onset time at which a stop consonant transitions from being mainly perceived as voiced to being mainly perceived as voiceless
Phoneme transition probabilities
For any particular sequence of phonemes, the chances that the sequence occurs at the start of a word, in the middle of a word, at the end of a word, or across the boundary between two words
Phonemic restoration
A kind of perceptual completion in which listeners seem to perceive obscured or missing speech sounds
Aphasia
An impairment in speech production or comprehension caused by damage to speech centers in the brain
