Chapter 13

Question 1

Anosmia

Answer 1

Loss of the ability to perceive odors

Question 2

Cross-adaptation

Answer 2

In olfaction, reduced sensitivity to odorants that are chemically or perceptually similar to odorants to which the person has been continuously or repeatedly exposed

Question 3

Turbinates

Answer 3

Bony convolutions of tissue protruding into the nasal cavities, functioning to disperse air evenly throughout he nasal cavities

Question 4

Olfactory receptor neurons

Answer 4

Neurons that transducer odorants molecules into neural signals

Question 5

Olfactory epithelium

Answer 5

A patch of tissue in the upper reaches of each nasal cavity

Question 6

Olfactory receptors

Answer 6

G-protein coupled receptors in the cilia or ORN’s

Question 7

Olfactory nerve

Answer 7

The axons or ORN’s carrying neural signals from ORN’s to the olfactory bulb via tiny has les in the cribiform plate

Question 8

Cribiform plate

Answer 8

The part of the skull immediately above the nasal cavity

Question 9

Glomeruli

Answer 9

Small, more or less spherical structures in the olfactory bulb; within the glomeruli, the axons of ORN’s make synapses with the dendrites of mitral cells and tufted cells

Question 10

Mitral cells

Answer 10

Relay neurons within the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb; the axons of mitral cells and tufted cells form the olfactory tract

Question 11

Tufted cells

Answer 11

Relay neurons within the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb; the axons of tufted cells and mitral cells form the olfactory tract

Question 12

Olfactory tract

Answer 12

The axons of mitral cells and tufted cells, carrying neural signals from the olfactory bulb to the higher areas of the brain

Question 13

Pisiform complex

Answer 13

The brain region considered to be the primary olfactory cortex, because it’s the only region that both receive signals directly from the olfactory bulb and is known to be dedicated solely to olfaction

Question 14

Anterior piriform cortex

Answer 14

The anterior portion of the piriform cortex; it produces representations of features of the chemical structure of odorant molecules

Question 15

Posterior piriform complex

Answer 15

The posterior portion of the piriform cortex; it produces representations of the quality of an odor as a whole, regardless of whether the odor is simple or complex

Question 16

Pheromone

Answer 16

A chemical substance emitted by individual organisms that evokes behavioral or hormonal responses in other individuals of the same species

Question 17

Vomeronasal olfactory system

Answer 17

In many species, an olfactory system that senses pheromones; it is distinct from the main olfactory system used to smell most substances

Question 18

Tastants

Answer 18

Molecules that taste receptors recognize and respond to by producing neural signals that the brain represents as perceptions of different tastes

Question 19

Basic tastes

Answer 19

The five well established taste categories-sweet, salty, Unami, sour, and bitter.

Question 20

Taste buds

Answer 20

Structures that contain taste receptor cells, within papillae in the mouth

Question 21

Papillae

Answer 21

Tiny structures on the surfaces in the mouth, mainly on the tongue; three different types of contain taste buds

Question 22

Odorants

Answer 22

Molecules that olfactory receptors recognize and respond by producing neural signals that the brain represents as perceptions of different odors

Question 23

Umami

Answer 23

A basic taste evoked by tastints such as MSG and certain amino acids found in meats; generally signals the presence of protein in food.

Question 24

Flavor

Answer 24

Total sensory experience evoked by ingesting something; in includes perception of the basic tastes, the perception of other attributes of tastants such as pleasantness and intensity

Question 25

Fungiform papillae

Answer 25

Tiny mushroom- like structures located along the tongue

Question 26

Foliate papillae

Answer 26

Ridge like folds on the sides of the tongue near the back. A few hundred taste buds in each fold

Question 27

Circumvallate papillae

Answer 27

Mushroom shaped strucures situated in a row at the back of the tongue; each one contains 200-700 tastebuds around its sides

Question 28

Taste receptor cells

Answer 28

Elongated neurons packed within taste buds, that transduce tastants into neural signals

Question 29

Receptor cells

Answer 29

A the of taste receptor cells containing receptors that initiate transduction of sweet, umami, and bitter tastants

Question 30

Presynaptic cells

Answer 30

A type of taste receptor cells in which the receptors take the form of ion channels where transduction of salty and sour tastants is initiated

Question 31

Cell-to-cell signalling

Answer 31

In taste perception, signals from receptor cells to presynaptic cells, causing the presynaptic cells to release neurotransmitters ins way that carries information about sweet, umami, and bitter tastants.

Question 32

Primary taste cortex

Answer 32

The first cortical areas to receive taste signals, consisting of the anterior insular cortex and the frontal operculum