Chapter 9

Question 0

major accomplishment of pre-operational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen& that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (a country)

Answer 0

symbolic thought

Question 1

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2&6; it includes language & imitation (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet positive at this stage

Answer 1

pre-operational thought

Question 2

belief that natural objects & phenomena are still alive

Answer 2

animis

Question 3

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others

Answer 3

centration

Question 4

Piaget’s term for children’s tendency to think about the word entirely from their own personal perspective

Answer 4

egocentrism

Question 5

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

Answer 5

focus on appearance

Question 6

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been & always will be.

Answer 6

static reasoning

Question 7

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it way before a change occurred.

Answer 7

irreversibility

Question 8

principe that the amount of a substance remains the same even when it’s appearance changes

Answer 8

conservation

Question 9

idea that children attempt to explain everything they see & hear by constructing theories

Answer 9

theory-theory

Question 10

person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization seldom occurs before the age 4.

Answer 10

theory of mind

Question 11

speedy & sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning

Answer 11

fast-mapping

Question 12

application of rules or grammar- even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is

Answer 12

overregularization

Question 13

practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience & context

Answer 13

pragmatics

Question 14

person who is fluent in 2 languages, not favoring one over the other

Answer 14

balanced bilingual

Question 15

schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori, which emphasizes careful work & tasks that each young child can do

Answer 15

Montessori schools

Question 16

program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Haly, & that encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting

Answer 16

Reggio Emilia

Question 17

federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age

Answer 17

Head Start

Question 18

children who develop skills in 2 languages are dual language learners. Ideally education fosters proficiency in 2 languages rather than creating a language shift

Answer 18

dual language learners (DLLs)