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Academic Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

what is heredity

A

the transmission of traits from parents to offspring

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1
Q

example of true breeding stains

A

purple plants only produce purple offspring

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2
Q

who discovered the basic principles of heredity

A

mendle

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3
Q

what is inheritance

A

the passing of traits by heredity

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4
Q

in monastery’s garden, mendel noticed that in pea plants ___ specific traits could be seen

A

7

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5
Q

father of modern genetics

A

mendel

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5
Q

mendel developed _____ gentics

A

mendelian

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6
Q

mendel was an australian ____ in the mid 1800s

A

monk

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7
Q

mendel studied ___ and ___

A

math

science

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9
Q

how did mendel discover the basic principles of heredity

A

by breeding garden roses in carefully planned experiments

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9
Q

in monastery gardens, mendel was interested testing the ___ of the traits

A

predictability

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11
Q

step 2 in mendel’s experiments

A

cross-pollinate two P generation plants w/ contrasting traits

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12
Q

in mendels breeding experiments he crossed pea plants with ___ ___ with plants with white flowers

A

purple flowers

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13
Q

what are monohybrid crosses

A

cross involving only one pair of contrasting traits

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14
Q

how many steps are in mendel’s experiments

A

3

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15
Q

1st step in mendel’s experiments

A

produce TRUE BREEDING stains

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16
Q

what is the F2 generation

A

offspring of F1 self-pollination

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17
Q

in mendel’s results the missing trait reappeared in some of the

A

F2 generation

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18
Q

F1 generation are the

A

offspring of the ‘p generation’

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20
Q

3rd step in mendel’s experiments

A

F1 plants self-pollinate

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21
Q

if the first letter of the trait is a capital letter the trait is

A

dominant

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22
Q

if the first letter of the trait is lower case then the trait is

A

recessive

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23
Q

in each copy of a gene one is from each

A

parent

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24
Q

what plants are the ‘p generation’

what does ‘p generation’ stand for

A

plants in the 1st step

parental

25
Q

in one of mendel’s 4 hypotheses it states that there are alternative versions of genes called

A

alleles

26
Q

what is a trait

A

characteristic determined by genes

27
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

28
Q

in mendel’s results F1 showed

A

only one form of the trait

29
Q

in one of mendel’s 4 hypotheses it states that one factor of a trait is ___, and hides, the other factor is ____

A

dominant

recessive

30
Q

phenotype

A

external appearance of an organism

31
Q

one of mendel’s hypotheses it states that the egg and sperm carry only one of the possible

A

alleles

32
Q

law of independent assortment

  • dominant factors don’t always go with other ___
  • recessive factors don’t always go with other ___
A

dominant factors

recessive factors

33
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

the alleles for a trait will segregate when gametes are formed

34
Q

probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

A

multiplication rule

35
Q

one of mendel’s 4 hypotheses stated that for each trait, an individual has __ copies of the gene

A

2

36
Q

the ratio of mendel’s results in the F2 generatio

A

3:1

36
Q

what does it mean if a trait is homozygous

A

2 alleles r the same

37
Q

ex.
homozygous dominant-
homozygous recessive-

A

PP

pp

38
Q

what does it mean for a trait to be heterozygous

A

2 alleles are different

39
Q

example of heterozygous trait

A

Pp

40
Q

if a trait is heterozygous, it is also

A

hybrid

41
Q

what is codominance

A

two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

43
Q

probability

A

likelihood that a specific event will occur

43
Q

the laws of probability govern

A

Mendelian inheritance

44
Q

probability=

A

total number of all possible outcomes

45
Q 
IA + IB = AB blood type
roan cattle (white and red)
are examples of....
A

codominance

47
Q

probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

A

addition rule

48
Q

what are test crosses

A

testing the procedure used to determine the genotype of an individual

49
Q

in the laws of probability the alleles of one gene ___ into gametes independently of another gene’s alleles

A

segregate

50
Q

ex of the laws of probability

outcome of one coin toss is ___ in next coin toss

A

irrelevant

51
Q

the ___ and ___ rules applied to Monohybrid crosses

A

multiplication

addition

52
Q

what does F1 stand for

A

first filial generation

52
Q

probability in an F1 monohybrid cross can be determined using the

A

multiplication rule

52
Q

the rule of addition can be used to figure out the probability that an F2 plant from a monohybrid cross will be ___ rather than ___

A

heterozygous

homozygous

54
Q

mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect

A

the rules of probability

54
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

an individual displays a phenotype intermediate between the two parents

56
Q

red snapdragon + white snapdragon = pink snapdragon
straight hair + curly hair = wavy hair
examples of….

A

incomplete dominance

57
Q

in codominance the phenotype is

A

unique

Academic Biology (7 decks)

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