Chapter 14

Question 1

the belief that living things could come from non-living things

Answer 1

spontaneous generation

Question 2

prior to the ___ century spontaneous generation was believed

Answer 2

17

Question 3

who attempted to discredit spontaneous generation

Answer 3

Francesco Redi

Question 4

Redi was from ___

Answer 4

italy

Question 5

Redi’s experiment was to prove that maggots come from ___

Answer 5

flies

Question 6

what italian scientist experimented with spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Answer 6

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 7

Lazzaro experiment:

1. created ___ ___
2. boiled broth to kill ___
3. ___ some flasks and left other one ___

Answer 7

meat broth
microorganisms
capped open

Question 8

Spallazani’s opponents claimed he ___ the samples

Answer 8

overheated

Question 9

Spallazani’s opponents thought that with he destroyed the ___ ___ when he ‘overheated’ the samples

Answer 9

vital forces

Question 10

belief that living things come from living things

Answer 10

biogenesis

Question 11

how long ago was the solar system a mass of swirling gas and dust

Answer 11

5 billion years ago

Question 12

earth was a possible result of a ____

Answer 12

supernova

Question 13

how old is Earth and the other planets

Answer 13

4.6 billion years old

Question 14

how old are the first oceans

Answer 14

3.8 - 3.9 billion years old

Question 15

to estimate the age of an object by measuring its content of radioactive isotopes

Answer 15

radiometric dating

Question 16

unstable and ‘decay’ over time

Answer 16

radioactive isotopes

Question 17

time it takes for a radioactive isotope to decay by one half

Answer 17

half-life

Question 18

oldest evidence of life on earth is found in rock estimated to be ____ years old

Answer 18

3.5 billion

Question 19

oldest evidence of life on earth is in the form of ___

Answer 19

fossils

Question 20

first fossils were referred to as ___

Answer 20

microfossils

Question 21

microfossils were fossils are fossils of

Answer 21

ancient prokaryote cells

Question 22

what two scientists set up an experiment that was based on Oparin’s Theory

Answer 22

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

Question 23

Lerman proposed that gases formed simple organic molecules so he proposed the ___ model

Answer 23

bubble

Question 24

the bubble model:

• __ and __ were released from volcanoes into bubbles
• ___ rise to the surface and burst

Answer 24

ammonia methane

bubbles

Question 25

formation of protein occurred either by amino acids spontaneously combining

Answer 25

formation of complex organic compounds

Question 26

in the formation of complex organic compounds: | amino acids were heated in the absence of ___

Answer 26

oxygen

Question 27

in the formation of complex organic compounds: | similar mechanisms may have led to the formation ___,__, and __

Answer 27

carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids

Question 28

droplets of different types of irregulary shaped molecules

Answer 28

coacervates

Question 29

coacervates include ___ and ___

Answer 29

amino acids | sugars

Question 30

round, usually from one type of molecule

Answer 30

microspheres

Question 31

microspheres are separated from the environment by a ___

Answer 31

membrane

Question 32

chemical reactions can occur on the membrane more easily than in ___

Answer 32

water

Question 33

micorspheres can __ off

Answer 33

bud

Question 34

coacervates and micospheres lack the complexity of living cells... - they can ___ - they can ___

Answer 34

grow | bud

Question 35

special type of RNA that was discovered to be able to act like an enzyme

Answer 35

ribozyme

Question 36

ribozymes can ___ themselves

Answer 36

replicate

Question 37

reacearch indicated that life may have started with ___

Answer 37

RNA

Question 38

scientists hypothesize that the first cells were (3)

Answer 38

- anaerobic - heterotrophic - prokaryotic

Question 39

some early eukaryotes may have gone through a relationship known as ___

Answer 39

symbiosis

Question 40

what is symbiosis

Answer 40

prokaryotes that lived together and slowly became one

Question 41

Prokarytoic introduces parasites evolved into various cell organelles

Answer 41

endosymbiosis theory

Question 42

evidence of endosymbiosis theory is in the

Answer 42

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 43

endosymbiosis theory: | seperate --> became one of the __--> because of a ___ relationship

Answer 43

same | parasite

Question 44

photosynthesizing organisms gave off oxygen as a waste product

Answer 44

cyanobacteria

Question 45

how long ago was cyanobacteria

Answer 45

2.8 billion years ago

Question 46

oxygen had two effects on the environment: - organisms that could bond ___ survived - beginning of ___ respiration - ___ was created

Answer 46

oxygen aerobic ozone(03)