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Academic Biology > Ch 11 > Flashcards

Ch 11 Flashcards

0
Q

Role of gene expression (prokaryotic): the cells do not need to produce proteins for ___________

A

Every code

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1
Q

Role of gene expression (prokaryotic): is the activation of a ______ that results in a ________

A

Gene

Protein

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2
Q

What is a complete genetic material of an individual

A

Genome

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3
Q

What is it when cells can regulate what genes get expressed

A

Genome

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4
Q

What is a control system that regulates the production of enzymes to break down lactose (gene expression in ________)

A

Lac operon

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Lactose causes the _________ to fall off then _______ can occur (prokaryotic cell)

A

Repression

Transcription

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6
Q

No lactose = system __________ (prokaryote cell)

A

Shuts down

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7
Q

What are the 3 regulatory elements that control expression (prokaryotic)

A

Structural
Promoter
Operator

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8
Q

What are genes that code for proteins

A

Structural genes

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9
Q

_________ recognises RNA polymerase and promotes transcription (prokaryotic)

A

Promoter

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10
Q

_______ is the binding site for inhibitory protein that blocks transciption (prokaryotic)

A

Operator

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11
Q

(Prokaryotic) In the lac operon, genes for _______ utilisation were expressed only when lactose is present

A

Lactose

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12
Q

(Prokaryotic) Two forms of control:
1.
2.

A

Repression

Activation

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13
Q

The _________ attaches to the operator when lactose is absent (prokaryotic)

A

Repression

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14
Q

The repression blocks ____________ from binding to a structural gene (prokaryotic)

A

RNA polymerase

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15
Q

In ________, lactose binds to the repressor and removes it (prokaryotic)

A

Activation

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16
Q

In activation, ___________ transcribes the gene (prokaryotic)

A

Rna polymerase

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17
Q

In __________, lactose acts as an inducer (prokaryotic)

A

Activation

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18
Q

________ a molecule that initiates gene expression (prokaryotic)

A

Inducer

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19
Q

Gene expression (eukaryotes): much ________ and more ________ than in prokaryotes

A

Larger

Complex

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20
Q

Gene expression (eukaryotes): DNA is located on several __________

A

Chromosomes

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21
Q

Gene expression (eukaryotes): control is at the individual _________ level

A

Chromosome

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22
Q

Gene expression (eukaryotes): related to _______ and ________ of DNA

A

Coiling

Uncoiling

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23
Q

What is the relaxed state of DNA when transcription is possible

A

Euchromatin

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24
2 types of gene in eukaryotes:
Introns | Exons
25
________ is noncoding for proteins (in eukaryotic)
Introns
26
________ are genes that when expressed code for a protein (in eukaryotic)
Exons
27
Introns stay in _______ (in eukaryotic)
Nucleus
28
Exons leave _______ (in eukaryotic)
Nucleus
29
__________ produces Pre-RNA contains introns and exons
Transcription
30
_______ is formed when introns are removed and _______ are spliced together, happens in transcription
mRNA | Exons
31
___________ is noncoding control sequences that facilitate transcription
Enhancer control
32
What is it when proteins that bind to enhances and RNA polymerase and regulate transcription
Transcription factors
33
Transcription factors are _______ that bind to enhancers and _____ polymerase and regulate transcripion
Proteins | Rna
34
Activation enhancers have been studied in the __________ of the gene controlling the production of _______
Expression | Estrogen
35
What Has been studied in the expression if the gene controlling the production of estrogen
Activation enhancers
36
What is the development of cells w/ specific functions
Cell differantiation
37
What is the development of form
Morphogenesis
38
________ genes play the developmental role
Homeotic
39
What is the regulatory genes that determine where anatomical structure will develop during ________
Homeotic genes | Morphogenesis
40
What is the master of genes of development
Homeotic genes
41
Homeotic genes determine the _______ body of organisation
Overall
42
What is the specific DNA sequence that regulates patterns of development
Homeobox
43
Mutations of ________ may have devastating impacts
Homeobox
44
A ________ is an abnormal proliferation of cells that result from uncontrolled abnormal cell division
Tumor
45
In a tumor cells are ______\ way too quickly
Growing
46
What is it when cells remain within a mass- generally pose no threat to life
Benign cancer
47
Most _______ can be removed
Benign cancer
48
If a cancer mass grows large enough then it compresses _______ ______ Ex. _________, ________
Vital organs Fibroid cysts Wart
49
Most _______ tumors can be surgically removed
Benine
50
_________ tumor is uncontrolled dividing cells that invade and destroy healthy tissues elsewhere in body
Malignant
51
What is the spreading of cancer cells beyond their original site
Metastasis
52
________: cancer cells break away from the malignant tumor and spread to other body parts where they begin to form new tumors
Metastasis
53
Tumors are classified by the types of ________ they affect
Tissues
54
_______ - grow in the skin and the cells that line the organs of the body
Carcinomas
55
Examples of carcinomas: _____________, ____________
Lung cancer | Breast cancer
56
What cancer grows in the bone and muscle tissue
Sarcoma
57
What cancer has solid tumors that grow in tissues that form blood cells
Lymphomas
58
Lymphomas may cause ___________
Leukemia
59
_________: uncontrolled production of white blood cells
Leukemia
60
It usually takes several years for cancer to develop, but it may be accelerated in vital organs like _______ or _______
Pancreas | Liver
61
In normal cells, the frequency of cell division is controlled by several factors: 1. _______ nutrition 2. Must be attached to another cell, by ______ or ______
Adequate Membrane Fibers
62
Normal cells stop dividing when it becomes too _______
Crowded
63
Normal cells will only divide ____-____ times before they die
20-50
64
_______- programmed cell death
Apoptosis
65
``` How cancer cells differ from normal cells: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```
* Loss of density dependent inhabitation * Continue to grow when they become unattached to other cells * block apoptosis * angiogenesis
66
Loss if density dependent inhabitation: cells continue to grow even when they are ________ packed together
Densely
67
Block apoptosis: doesnt allow natural cell ______
Suicide
68
Angiogenesis: cancer cells can stimulate the formation of new __________ to supply the growing tumor
Blood vessels
69
Causes of cancer: normal cells use genes that code for _________ that control the process of cell division
Growth factors
70
Causes of cancer: most likely they occur due to exposure to __________
Carcinogens
71
Causes of cancer: may occur due to a ____________ mutation (bad luck)
Spontaneous
72
_______: any substance that increases the risk of cancer w/ expression
Carcinogens
73
Carcinogen examples: • •asbestos •
Tobacco | Ionizing radiation
74
Most carcinogens are _______
Mutagens
75
_______: agents that cause mutations to occur
Mutagens
76
What determines who gets cancer: 1. Family history 2. 3. Amount of carcinogen in exposure
Number of exposure to the carcinogen
77
Usually more than 1 _________ is needed to cause cancer
Mutation
78
risk of cancer increases w/ ____ due to more _________ throughout a lifetime
Age | Exposures
79
______ - leads to cancer and can be inherited or causes uncontrolled cell proliferation
Oncogenes
80
Oncogenes begin as normal ____________
Proto oncogenes
81
What controls a cells growth and differentiation
Proto oncogenes
82
Oncogenes code for ______ that regulate the rate of the cell ______
Proteins | Cycle
83
In oncogenes an error causes the rate of __________ to increase
Cell division
84
Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that ________ uncontrolled cell division
Prevent
85
________- when they mutate they do not get expressed properly and lead to a predisposition to cancer
Tumor suppressor genes
86
Viruses can cause _______
Cancer
87
Viruses may cause cancer to develop in ______ or _______
Plants | Animals
88
Many viral genes are actually _______
Oncogenes
89
Viruses and cancer may cause mutations in the __________ and tumor suppressing genes
Protoncogens
90
Viruses have been found to cause various types of ________
leukaemia

Academic Biology (7 decks)

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