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Academic Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

0
Q

reasons for studying drosophila

  • easy to ___
  • generation time- ____
  • produce ____ of offspring
  • easy ____ characteristics
  • only __ chromosomes to look at
A 
keep
10-15 days
100s
physical
8
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1
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan completed breeding experiments with _____-___ ___

A

drosophila

fruit fly

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2
Q

Morgan observed that of 4 pairs of homologous chromosomes: there are how many different pairs in male and female

A

one

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3
Q

in females

  • pair was ___
  • longer was called ____
A

same

X

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4
Q

makes

  • pairs were ___
  • ___ and ___ shaped
  • referred to as ___
A

different
short, hook
Y

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5
Q

Morgan correctly hypothesized that the X and Y were ___ chromosomes

A

sex

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6
Q

all the other chromosomes are called

A

autosomes

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7
Q

traits determined by alleles on the sex chromosomes

A

sex-linked traits

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8
Q

an example of a sex-linked trait

A

fruit fly eye color

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9
Q

what is the wild type

A

the ‘normal’ phenotype

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10
Q

group of genes located on one chromosome

A

linkage groups

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11
Q

number of linkage groups equals the number of

A

chromosome pairs

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12
Q

some unexpected results in linkage groups

A

come genes appeared to be separated

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13
Q

in Morgan’s results of linkage groups he saw that so,e of the offspring were ___/___ and others were ___/___

A

gray short

black long

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14
Q

who was Alfred sturtevant

A

one or Morgan’s students

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15
Q

Alfred used crossing-over data to construct the first ____

A

chromosome map

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16
Q

what are chromosome maps created by

A

comparing the frequency of cross-over for three or more characteristics

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17
Q

in map units the percentage of crossover is proportional to the distance between…

A

genes on a chromosome

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18
Q

1% of cross-over is equal to…

A

one map unit

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19
Q

change in DNA at the genes or in the chromosomes themselves

A

mutation

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20
Q

mutation of the sex cells, passed to the next generation

A

germ cell mutation

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21
Q

mutation of body cells, passed to the daughter cells

A

somatic cell mutation

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22
Q

chromosome mutation often occur during

A

cell division

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23
Q

chromosome mutation occur from…

  • changes in ____ structure
  • ___ of entire chromosome
A

chromosome

loss

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24
most chromosome mutations are
harmful
25
mutation that doesn't allow the organism to develop beyond the zygote
lethal mutation
26
environmental factors that damage DNA
mutagens
27
what are these examples of | carcinogens, biological, pathogens(viruses), UV and other forms of radiation, chemical mutagens, etc.
mutagens
28
4 ways mutations occur
deletion inversion translocation nondisjunction
29
what is deletion
piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost
30
what is inversion
chromosome breaks off and rematches itself in the reverse orientation
31
what is translocation
broken piece of chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome
32
what is nondisjunction
replicated chromosome paste fails to separate during cell division (one daughter cell receives an extra copy, other cell lacks chromosome)
33
mutation that involves single nitrogen base within a CODON, or large segment of DNA
gene mutations
34
substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nitrogen base
point mutation
35
what type of point mutation is least damaging
substitutio
36
point mutation that results from an addition or deletion of a nitrogen base
frame shift mutation
37
frame shift mutations causes the ___ message to be read out of ___
genetic | sequence
38
3 reasons why humans are not easily studied as Morgan's flies - takes __ time to produce generations - produce ___ number of offspring - some of the means of study are ___
long low unethical
39
study in which researchers select a small number of individuals to represent a whole population
population studying
40
study of identical twins was used to distinguish between ___ and ___ influences on specific traits
genetic | environmental
41
family record that shows how a trait is inherited over generations
pedigree study
42
pedigrees study reveals a __ for specific traits - they are heterozygous
carrier
43
trait controlled by a single allele of a gene
single allele traits
44
sick-cell anemia is an example of
single allele traits
45
sickle-cell anemia - __ the shape of red blood cells - results in anemia, ____, ____,decreased ___ ___, and death - primarily effects ___ ___ - 1 in ___ births in the usa
change clogs pain blood flow African Americans 500
46
what kind of allele is huntingtons dressed caused by
dominant
47
huntingtons disease starts to show signs around the ages of
30-40's
48
signs of huntingtons disease
forgetfulness, loss of muscle control, mental illnesses, death
49
(huntingtons) genetically programmed degeneration of
brain cells
50
huntingtons disease can be detected by identifying shirt sections of DNA known as
genetic markers
51
Tay-Sachs disease is a ___ disorder
recessive
52
what is Tay-Sachs disease
fatty substances accurate in the nerve cells of the brain
53
(Tay sachs) a child becomes ___, deaf, and unable to ___. muscles begin to ___ and paralysis sets in
Blind swallow atrophy
54
children usually die by age ___ with Tay-Sachs disease
5
55
what disease is when body produces an abnormally thick, sticky mucus
cystic fibrosis
56
cystic fibrosis is a faulty transport of ___ within cells of organs such as the lungs and ___
salt | pancreas
57
in cystic fibrosis there is very ___-tasting skin
salt
58
with cystic fibrosis there is ___ coughing and wheezing or ___
persistent | pneumonia
59
1 in ___ people are born with cystic fibrosis
2,500
60
cystic fibrosis affects more than ___ million people
10
61
with cystic fibrosis they have ___ appetite with no ___ gain
excessive | weight
62
trait controlled by two or more genes
polygenic traits
63
skin color eye color fingerprints are examples of
polygenic traits
64
trait controlled by three or more alleles for the gene that code for a single trait
multiple allele traits
65
human blood type is an example of a
multiple allele trait
66
the combination of the allies determines the ___ that are produced by the body
antigens
67
traits with alleles found on the X chromosome
sex-linked traits
68
why are males more likely to express recessive sex-linked alleles
the single X has nothing to hide or mask the trait
69
colorblindness and hemophilia are examples of
sex-linked traits
70
trait that is expressed because of the presence of male and female sex hormones
sex-influences traits
71
alleles that code for sex-influenced traits are on the
autosomes
72
males and females have the same allele, but the ____ is only expressed in one of the sexes
traits
73
pattern baldness is an example of
sex-influenced trait
74
B-dominant in __ | B'-recessive in __
makes | females
75
failure of chromatids to separate during cell division
nondisjunction
76
with nondisjunction meiosis results in an egg or sperm with __ or __ chromosome
extra missing
77
condition where the zygote has only 45 chromosomes
monosomy
78
Turner syndrome | CRI-DU-CHAT syndrome are examples of
monosomy
79
condition where the zygote has 47 chromosomes
trisomy
80
supermale Klinefelter's Syndrome are examples of
trisomy
81
conditions that have these for their sex chromosomes XO- XYY- XXY-
Turner syndrome supermale Klinefelter's syndrome
82
in downe's syndrome there is an extra ___ chromosome and it is the __ destructive of trisomy
21 | least
83
patua syndrome is a trisomy ___ and the person has extra ___ and ___
13 | fingers toes
84
examination of a persons genetic makeup
genetic screening
85
genetic screening can determine ___ ___ if they have a history of problems in their family
genetic disorders
86
tiny camera into the uterus
fetoscopy
87
picture of a person's chromosomes
karyotyping
88
removal of amniotic fluid
amniocentesis
89
removal of tissues between uterus and placenta
chorionic villi sampling
90
high frequency sound waves = picture
ultrasound

Academic Biology (7 decks)

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