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Academic Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

reasons for studying drosophila

  • easy to ___
  • generation time- ____
  • produce ____ of offspring
  • easy ____ characteristics
  • only __ chromosomes to look at
A 
keep
10-15 days
100s
physical
8
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1
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan completed breeding experiments with _____-___ ___

A

drosophila

fruit fly

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2
Q

Morgan observed that of 4 pairs of homologous chromosomes: there are how many different pairs in male and female

A

one

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3
Q

in females

  • pair was ___
  • longer was called ____
A

same

X

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4
Q

makes

  • pairs were ___
  • ___ and ___ shaped
  • referred to as ___
A

different
short, hook
Y

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5
Q

Morgan correctly hypothesized that the X and Y were ___ chromosomes

A

sex

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6
Q

all the other chromosomes are called

A

autosomes

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7
Q

traits determined by alleles on the sex chromosomes

A

sex-linked traits

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8
Q

an example of a sex-linked trait

A

fruit fly eye color

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9
Q

what is the wild type

A

the ‘normal’ phenotype

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10
Q

group of genes located on one chromosome

A

linkage groups

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11
Q

number of linkage groups equals the number of

A

chromosome pairs

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12
Q

some unexpected results in linkage groups

A

come genes appeared to be separated

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13
Q

in Morgan’s results of linkage groups he saw that so,e of the offspring were ___/___ and others were ___/___

A

gray short

black long

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14
Q

who was Alfred sturtevant

A

one or Morgan’s students

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15
Q

Alfred used crossing-over data to construct the first ____

A

chromosome map

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16
Q

what are chromosome maps created by

A

comparing the frequency of cross-over for three or more characteristics

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17
Q

in map units the percentage of crossover is proportional to the distance between…

A

genes on a chromosome

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18
Q

1% of cross-over is equal to…

A

one map unit

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19
Q

change in DNA at the genes or in the chromosomes themselves

A

mutation

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20
Q

mutation of the sex cells, passed to the next generation

A

germ cell mutation

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21
Q

mutation of body cells, passed to the daughter cells

A

somatic cell mutation

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22
Q

chromosome mutation often occur during

A

cell division

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23
Q

chromosome mutation occur from…

  • changes in ____ structure
  • ___ of entire chromosome
A

chromosome

loss

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24
Q

most chromosome mutations are

A

harmful

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25
Q

mutation that doesn’t allow the organism to develop beyond the zygote

A

lethal mutation

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26
Q

environmental factors that damage DNA

A

mutagens

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27
Q

what are these examples of

carcinogens, biological, pathogens(viruses), UV and other forms of radiation, chemical mutagens, etc.

A

mutagens

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28
Q

4 ways mutations occur

A

deletion
inversion
translocation
nondisjunction

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29
Q

what is deletion

A

piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost

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30
Q

what is inversion

A

chromosome breaks off and rematches itself in the reverse orientation

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31
Q

what is translocation

A

broken piece of chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

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32
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

replicated chromosome paste fails to separate during cell division (one daughter cell receives an extra copy, other cell lacks chromosome)

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33
Q

mutation that involves single nitrogen base within a CODON, or large segment of DNA

A

gene mutations

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34
Q

substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nitrogen base

A

point mutation

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35
Q

what type of point mutation is least damaging

A

substitutio

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36
Q

point mutation that results from an addition or deletion of a nitrogen base

A

frame shift mutation

37
Q

frame shift mutations causes the ___ message to be read out of ___

A

genetic

sequence

38
Q

3 reasons why humans are not easily studied as Morgan’s flies

  • takes __ time to produce generations
  • produce ___ number of offspring
  • some of the means of study are ___
A

long
low
unethical

39
Q

study in which researchers select a small number of individuals to represent a whole population

A

population studying

40
Q

study of identical twins was used to distinguish between ___ and ___ influences on specific traits

A

genetic

environmental

41
Q

family record that shows how a trait is inherited over generations

A

pedigree study

42
Q

pedigrees study reveals a __ for specific traits - they are heterozygous

A

carrier

43
Q

trait controlled by a single allele of a gene

A

single allele traits

44
Q

sick-cell anemia is an example of

A

single allele traits

45
Q

sickle-cell anemia

  • __ the shape of red blood cells
  • results in anemia, ____, ____,decreased ___ ___, and death
  • primarily effects ___ ___
  • 1 in ___ births in the usa
A

change
clogs pain blood flow
African Americans
500

46
Q

what kind of allele is huntingtons dressed caused by

A

dominant

47
Q

huntingtons disease starts to show signs around the ages of

A

30-40’s

48
Q

signs of huntingtons disease

A

forgetfulness, loss of muscle control, mental illnesses, death

49
Q

(huntingtons) genetically programmed degeneration of

A

brain cells

50
Q

huntingtons disease can be detected by identifying shirt sections of DNA known as

A

genetic markers

51
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is a ___ disorder

A

recessive

52
Q

what is Tay-Sachs disease

A

fatty substances accurate in the nerve cells of the brain

53
Q

(Tay sachs) a child becomes ___, deaf, and unable to ___. muscles begin to ___ and paralysis sets in

A

Blind swallow atrophy

54
Q

children usually die by age ___ with Tay-Sachs disease

A

5

55
Q

what disease is when body produces an abnormally thick, sticky mucus

A

cystic fibrosis

56
Q

cystic fibrosis is a faulty transport of ___ within cells of organs such as the lungs and ___

A

salt

pancreas

57
Q

in cystic fibrosis there is very ___-tasting skin

A

salt

58
Q

with cystic fibrosis there is ___ coughing and wheezing or ___

A

persistent

pneumonia

59
Q

1 in ___ people are born with cystic fibrosis

A

2,500

60
Q

cystic fibrosis affects more than ___ million people

A

10

61
Q

with cystic fibrosis they have ___ appetite with no ___ gain

A

excessive

weight

62
Q

trait controlled by two or more genes

A

polygenic traits

63
Q

skin color
eye color
fingerprints
are examples of

A

polygenic traits

64
Q

trait controlled by three or more alleles for the gene that code for a single trait

A

multiple allele traits

65
Q

human blood type is an example of a

A

multiple allele trait

66
Q

the combination of the allies determines the ___ that are produced by the body

A

antigens

67
Q

traits with alleles found on the X chromosome

A

sex-linked traits

68
Q

why are males more likely to express recessive sex-linked alleles

A

the single X has nothing to hide or mask the trait

69
Q

colorblindness and hemophilia are examples of

A

sex-linked traits

70
Q

trait that is expressed because of the presence of male and female sex hormones

A

sex-influences traits

71
Q

alleles that code for sex-influenced traits are on the

A

autosomes

72
Q

males and females have the same allele, but the ____ is only expressed in one of the sexes

A

traits

73
Q

pattern baldness is an example of

A

sex-influenced trait

74
Q

B-dominant in __

B’-recessive in __

A

makes

females

75
Q

failure of chromatids to separate during cell division

A

nondisjunction

76
Q

with nondisjunction meiosis results in an egg or sperm with __ or __ chromosome

A

extra missing

77
Q

condition where the zygote has only 45 chromosomes

A

monosomy

78
Q

Turner syndrome

CRI-DU-CHAT syndrome are examples of

A

monosomy

79
Q

condition where the zygote has 47 chromosomes

A

trisomy

80
Q

supermale
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
are examples of

A

trisomy

81
Q

conditions that have these for their sex chromosomes
XO-
XYY-
XXY-

A

Turner syndrome
supermale
Klinefelter’s syndrome

82
Q

in downe’s syndrome there is an extra ___ chromosome and it is the __ destructive of trisomy

A

21

least

83
Q

patua syndrome is a trisomy ___ and the person has extra ___ and ___

A

13

fingers toes

84
Q

examination of a persons genetic makeup

A

genetic screening

85
Q

genetic screening can determine ___ ___ if they have a history of problems in their family

A

genetic disorders

86
Q

tiny camera into the uterus

A

fetoscopy

87
Q

picture of a person’s chromosomes

A

karyotyping

88
Q

removal of amniotic fluid

A

amniocentesis

89
Q

removal of tissues between uterus and placenta

A

chorionic villi sampling

90
Q

high frequency sound waves = picture

A

ultrasound

Academic Biology (7 decks)

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