Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Academic Biology > Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

bacterial enzymes that cut DNA into pieces

A

restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

4 uses for genetic engineering

A

cure diseases
treat genetic disorders
improve food crops
improve human lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does restriction enzymes recognize

A

specific nucleotide sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

single chain “tails” of DNA that are created on each DNA segment

A

“sticky ends”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

restriction enzymes that can isolate a specific gene

A

cloning vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can be transferred by a cloning vector to an organism

A

restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

small ring of DNA found in bacteria that can serve as a cloning vector

A

plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

1. restriction enzymes cut the ___ open

A

plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

2. ____ is spliced into the plasmid

A

donor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

3. specific ___ isolated from another organism

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

4. ____ is returned to the bacterium

A

plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

5. the ___ is replicated as the ___ is copied

A

gene

bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a gene clone

A

exact copy of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

plasmids transport a gene to the bacterium so it will procure as specific ___

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is sulin production an example of

A

transplanting genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

large quantities are produced in transplanting genes by inserting a human gene for ___ into a bacterium

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in isolating genes…

isolate human DNA and ___ from DNA

A

plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in isolating genes…

use restriction enzyme to cut ___

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in isolating genes…

splice he DNA into the plasmid to create a ____

A

genomic library

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thousands of DNA pieces from a genome that have been inserted into a cloning vector

A

genomic library

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA from 2 or more sources

A

recombinant DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pattern of bands made up of the specific fragments form an individual’s DNA

A

DNA fingerprints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bonding patterns can determine how closely related different ____ are

A

organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is RFLP stand for

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

with RFLP

remove ___ and cut into fragment with restriction enzymes

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

with RFLP

the DNS fragments and separated with ___

A

gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

procedure that separates nucleic acids based on size and change

A

gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

DNA fragments are made visible only by the ___ being compared

A

bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DNA fragments are blotted onto the __ paper

A

filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

radioactive segments of DNA complementary to the segments being compared

A

probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

probes form visible bands when exposed to ___

A

photographic film

31
Q

the probe bands can be __

A

analyzed

32
Q

the accuracy of the fingerprints are based on how __ the partings are

A

unique

33
Q

with fingerprints, a complete is not used, only a

A

small portion

34
Q

fingerprints are very accurate because the focus on the ___ regions

A

unique

35
Q

what are the unique regions of the fingerprint

A

non-coding areas

36
Q

less than 1 in a ___ chances of non-twins having the same patterns

A

million

37
Q

synthetic DNS replication

A

polymerase chain reaction

38
Q

procedure for making many copies of the selected segments of the available DNA

A

polymerase chain reaction

39
Q

what is need for PCR (4)

A

sample of DNA
supply of 4 DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase
incubation

40
Q

artificially made single strand of DNA required to initiate replication

A

primers

41
Q

for PCR

DNA will quickly double-every ___ minutes

A

5

42
Q

PCR needs

new samples will make a __ __

A

DNA fingerprint

43
Q

for PCR

they only need about ___ blood cells to make a sample

A

20

44
Q

what is the human genome project

A

NIH and the department of energy joined wit international partners to sequence all 3 billion base pairs in the human genome

45
Q

how long was the HGP expected to take

A

15 years

46
Q

how long it actually take for HGP to finish

A

13 years

47
Q

the HGP fueled the discovery of more than ___ disease genes

A

1,800

48
Q

there are more than ___ genetic tests for human conditions

A

1,000

49
Q

catalog of common genetic variation

A

haplotypes

50
Q

genetic factors for many common diseases

A

HapMap

51
Q

heart diseases, diabetes, and mental illnesses are examples of

A

HapMap

52
Q

individualized care based on your genome

A

personal genome

53
Q

diet and high-tech surveillance are examples of

A

personal genome

54
Q

technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

A

gene therapy

56
Q

gene therapy treats a disorder by inserting a ___ into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgeries

A

gene

57
Q

examples of gene therapy

replacing a mutated gene that causes ___ with a ___ copy of the gene

A

disease

healthy

58
Q

examples of gene therapy

inactivating, or ___ ___, a mutated gene that is functioning ___

A

knocking out

improperly

59
Q

examples of gene therapy

introducing a new gene into the ___ to help fight a disease

A

body

60
Q

nasal sprays for CF patients is an example of

A

gene therapy successes

61
Q

gene therapy has had limited ___

A

success

62
Q

gene therapy poses as one of the greatest technical ____ in modern medicine

A

challenges

63
Q

4 problems with gene therapy

1. corrected gene must be delivered to ___ ___ cells

A

several million

64
Q

4 problems with gene therapy

2. genes must be ___

A

activated

65
Q

4 problems with gene therapy

3. concern the gene will go to the ___ ___

A

wrong cells

66
Q

4 problems with gene therapy

4. concern that sex cells would get the ___ and be passed to ___

A

genes

offspring

67
Q

more problems with gene therapy

immune response:

A

body fights off the vector as a foreign invader

68
Q

more problems with gene therapy

genes can be “stitched” into a wrong space and knocks out an ___ gene

A

important

69
Q

3 ethical issues with gene therapy

1. altering ___-line

A

germ

70
Q

3 ethical issues with gene therapy

2. genetic ___

A

enhancement

71
Q

3 ethical issues with gene therapy

3. concerns with past practices of ___

A

eugenics

72
Q

Producing pharmaceutical products

  • can be produced more ___
  • insulin: produced in ___ by bacteria
A

inexpensively

bulk

73
Q

Genetically engineered vaccines

  • vaccines: ___ version of a virus of bacterium
  • DNA technology may produce ___ vaccines
A

harmless

safer

74
Q

Increasing agricultural yields

  • can insert genes into plants to make them more resistant to ___
  • crops that dont need ___
A

pests

fertilizer

75
Q

what is genetically enhanced tomatoes that ripen without becoming soft an example of

A

agricultural yields

76
Q

concerns with genetically engineered foods

  • FDA requires scientific evidence that allergy ___ properties have not been introduced into the food
  • if a food contains a new __, __. or __ it must be approved by the FDA for sales
A

inducing

protein carbohydrate fat

Academic Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions