Ch. 13 Flashcards by morgan yurkovich

Q

bacterial enzymes that cut DNA into pieces

A

restriction enzymes

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Q

4 uses for genetic engineering

A

cure diseases
treat genetic disorders
improve food crops
improve human lives

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Q

what does restriction enzymes recognize

A

specific nucleotide sequences

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Q

single chain “tails” of DNA that are created on each DNA segment

A

“sticky ends”

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Q

restriction enzymes that can isolate a specific gene

A

cloning vectors

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Q

what can be transferred by a cloning vector to an organism

A

restriction enzymes

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Q

small ring of DNA found in bacteria that can serve as a cloning vector

A

plasmid

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Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

1. restriction enzymes cut the ___ open

A

plasmid

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Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

2. ____ is spliced into the plasmid

A

donor genes

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Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

3. specific ___ isolated from another organism

A

gene

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Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

4. ____ is returned to the bacterium

A

plasmid

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Q

procedures for using cloning vectors

5. the ___ is replicated as the ___ is copied

A

gene

bacterium

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Q

what is a gene clone

A

exact copy of a gene

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Q

plasmids transport a gene to the bacterium so it will procure as specific ___

A

protein

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Q

what is sulin production an example of

A

transplanting genes

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Q

large quantities are produced in transplanting genes by inserting a human gene for ___ into a bacterium

A

insulin

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Q

in isolating genes…

isolate human DNA and ___ from DNA

A

plasmid

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Q

in isolating genes…

use restriction enzyme to cut ___

A

DNA

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Q

in isolating genes…

splice he DNA into the plasmid to create a ____

A

genomic library

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Q

thousands of DNA pieces from a genome that have been inserted into a cloning vector

A

genomic library

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Q

DNA from 2 or more sources

A

recombinant DNA

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Q

pattern of bands made up of the specific fragments form an individual’s DNA

A

DNA fingerprints

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Q

bonding patterns can determine how closely related different ____ are

A

organisms

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Q

what is RFLP stand for

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

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with RFLP | remove ___ and cut into fragment with restriction enzymes

DNA

with RFLP | the DNS fragments and separated with ___

gel electrophoresis

procedure that separates nucleic acids based on size and change

gel electrophoresis

DNA fragments are made visible only by the ___ being compared

bands

DNA fragments are blotted onto the __ paper

filter

radioactive segments of DNA complementary to the segments being compared

probes

probes form visible bands when exposed to ___

photographic film

the probe bands can be __

analyzed

the accuracy of the fingerprints are based on how __ the partings are

unique

with fingerprints, a complete is not used, only a

small portion

fingerprints are very accurate because the focus on the ___ regions

unique

what are the unique regions of the fingerprint

non-coding areas

less than 1 in a ___ chances of non-twins having the same patterns

million

synthetic DNS replication

polymerase chain reaction

procedure for making many copies of the selected segments of the available DNA

polymerase chain reaction

what is need for PCR (4)

sample of DNA supply of 4 DNA nucleotides DNA polymerase incubation

artificially made single strand of DNA required to initiate replication

primers

for PCR | DNA will quickly double-every ___ minutes

5

PCR needs | new samples will make a __ __

DNA fingerprint

for PCR | they only need about ___ blood cells to make a sample

20

what is the human genome project

NIH and the department of energy joined wit international partners to sequence all 3 billion base pairs in the human genome

how long was the HGP expected to take

15 years

how long it actually take for HGP to finish

13 years

the HGP fueled the discovery of more than ___ disease genes

1,800

there are more than ___ genetic tests for human conditions

1,000

catalog of common genetic variation

haplotypes

genetic factors for many common diseases

HapMap

heart diseases, diabetes, and mental illnesses are examples of

HapMap

individualized care based on your genome

personal genome

diet and high-tech surveillance are examples of

personal genome

technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

gene therapy

gene therapy treats a disorder by inserting a ___ into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgeries

gene

examples of gene therapy | replacing a mutated gene that causes ___ with a ___ copy of the gene

disease | healthy

examples of gene therapy | inactivating, or ___ ___, a mutated gene that is functioning ___

knocking out | improperly

examples of gene therapy | introducing a new gene into the ___ to help fight a disease

body

nasal sprays for CF patients is an example of

gene therapy successes

gene therapy has had limited ___

success

gene therapy poses as one of the greatest technical ____ in modern medicine

challenges

4 problems with gene therapy | 1. corrected gene must be delivered to ___ ___ cells

several million

4 problems with gene therapy | 2. genes must be ___

activated

4 problems with gene therapy | 3. concern the gene will go to the ___ ___

wrong cells

4 problems with gene therapy | 4. concern that sex cells would get the ___ and be passed to ___

genes | offspring

more problems with gene therapy | immune response:

body fights off the vector as a foreign invader

more problems with gene therapy | genes can be "stitched" into a wrong space and knocks out an ___ gene

important

3 ethical issues with gene therapy | 1. altering ___-line

germ

3 ethical issues with gene therapy | 2. genetic ___

enhancement

3 ethical issues with gene therapy | 3. concerns with past practices of ___

eugenics

Producing pharmaceutical products - can be produced more ___ - insulin: produced in ___ by bacteria

inexpensively | bulk

Genetically engineered vaccines - vaccines: ___ version of a virus of bacterium - DNA technology may produce ___ vaccines

harmless | safer

Increasing agricultural yields - can insert genes into plants to make them more resistant to ___ - crops that dont need ___

pests | fertilizer

what is genetically enhanced tomatoes that ripen without becoming soft an example of

agricultural yields

concerns with genetically engineered foods - FDA requires scientific evidence that allergy ___ properties have not been introduced into the food - if a food contains a new __, __. or __ it must be approved by the FDA for sales

inducing | protein carbohydrate fat