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Biology 111 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Parasites

A

organisms that live on other organisms (some disease-causing bacteria, viruses)

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2
Q

Viruses

A

acellular (no cell), take everything from host

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3
Q

Saphrophytes

A

lives on dead organic matter (aspergillus, produces toxin)

Decomposers - bacteria and fungi

result in carbon-cycle, nitrogen-cycle

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4
Q

Autotrophs

A

make own energy

chemo-autotrophs, photo-autotrophs

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5
Q

chemo-autotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals (sulfur bacteria)

an autotroph

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6
Q

photo-autotrophs

A

obtain energy from light (green things, algae, fungi, plants, bacteria)

an autotroph

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7
Q

Parastite fungi that cause disease in humans

bacteria that causes disease in humans

A

athlete’s foot

leprosy, pneumonia

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8
Q

Heterotrophs

A

depend on other sources for energy

ex. animals

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9
Q

Photosynthesis

A

makes O2 and organic molecules

products used in cellular respiration

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10
Q

Fermentation

A

partial breakdown of sugars that happens without O2

continuation of glycolysis

uses phosphorylation instead of an electron tranpsport chain to generate ATP

glycolysis and reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

two types: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

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11
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

is like aerobic respiraiton, but doesn’t consume O2

Uses an electron transport chain with an electron accepotr other than O2, ex: sulfur

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13
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic

carbs, fats, and proteins consumed

helpful to trace with glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

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14
Q

Redox Reactions

A

involve oxidation and reduction (simutaneously)

Transfer of electrons in chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

(this energy is used to synthesize ATP)

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

aka oxidation-reduction reactions

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15
Q

Oxidation

A

reactant that loses electrons

is oxidized

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16
Q

reduction

A

reactant that gains electrons

is reduced

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17
Q

Na + Cl -> Na+ + Cl-

A

Sodium is oxidized (loses electrons)

Clorine is reduced (gains electron)

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18
Q

Reducing agent

A

Electron donor

reactant that is oxidized

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19
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron receptor

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20
Q

Reaction between methane and carbon dioxide

A

Some redox reactions form covalent bonds instead of transferring electrons

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21
Q

Cellular respiration as a redox reaction

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

fuel (glucose) is oxidized and O2 is reduced and is the final electron acceptor

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22
Q

dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that plays an important role in reducing NAD+

H-C-OH + NAD+ (dehydrogenase ->) C- - O + NADH + H+

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23
Q

NAD+

(nicotinamide)

A

oxidized form

functions as an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) in cellular respiration

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24
Q

NADH

(nicotinamide)

A

reduced form

stored energy that is trapped to sythesize ATP

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25
Q

3 steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis

Citirc Acic (Krebs) Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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26
Q

What is the starting molecule for cellular respiration?

A

glucose

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27
Q

Net products of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH

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28
Q

NADH and FADH2

(oxidative phosphorylation)

A

2 coenzymes that are biproducts of citric acid cycle

reduced form

NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

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29
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

generates the most ATP because it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain

accounts for most of ATP synthesis

occurs in mitochondrial membrane

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30
Q

Glycolysis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm

most cells complete glycolysis

can happen with aerobic or anaerobic respiration

accepts a wide range of carbohydrates

proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

fats digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) an oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbs

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31
Q

2 major phases of glycolysis

A

energy investment phase (2 ATP used to begin breaking of bonds)

energy payoff phase (net gain of ATP during substrate-level phosphrylation)

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32
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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33
Q

Linking factor of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

A

acetyl CoA

(after glycolysis, pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetate (release of CO2) and then combined with coenzyme A (a protein that is organic), this forms acetyl CoA)

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34
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

(Krebs Cycle)

A

Oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate

Net gain: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

Since there are 2 pyruvate molecules formed from each glucose, the cycle turnes twice for each glucose, so the net gain per glucose is actually:

2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

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35
Q

Steps of Citric Acid Cycle

A

has 8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzymes

  1. From acetyl CoA, teh acetyl group combines with oxaloactate, whic forms citrate

The next 7 steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle

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36
Q

Linking of ctiric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation

A

The NADH and FADH2 produced by the Krebs Cycle relay eletrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

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37
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

occurs in the cristae of mitochondria

most components are proteins that exist in multiprotein complexes

powers ATP syntheiss via oxidative phosphorylation

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38
Q

Electron carriers in the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain

carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept aned donate electrons

Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to oxygen

cytochromes b, c, and a3 are electron carriers

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39
Q

Free energy of electrons in electron transport chain

A

electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2

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40
Q

Final products of electron transport chain

A

O2 pulls down the electrons because it is really electronegative

When electrons finally reach oxygen, oxygen combines with the electrons and hydrogen from the surroundings and forms H2O

does NOT generate any ATP

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41
Q

What does electron transfer in the electron transport chain do?

A

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through chanels in ATP synthase

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

This is an example of chemiosmosis

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42
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive cellular work

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43
Q

Energy flow during cellular respiration

A

Glucose -> NADH -> Electron Transport Chain -> Proton-Motive Force -> ATP

44
Q

Overall net gain of ATP from cellular respiration

A

About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making either 36 (FADH2) or 38 (NADH) ATP

45
Q

Yeast Cells

A

Eukaryotic (some do not have mitochondrondria)

46
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps, with the first releasing CO2

by yeast, used in brewing, wine making, and baking

47
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product

No release of CO2

by some fungi, used to make cheese and yogurt

used by human muscle cells to make ATP when O2 is scarce

48
Q

Similarites between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Both go through glycolysis
  • Starting material is glucose
  • Net gain of ATP
  • Use NAD+
  • Occur in cytoplasm
49
Q

Differences between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Different final electron acceptors (F: organic molecule like pyruvate or actalehyde, AR: O2)
  • Aerobic respriation produces 38 ATP, Fermenation produces 2 ATP per glucose (net)
50
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

51
Q

Faculative Anaerobes

A

can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic roat that leads to 2 altermative catabolic routes

Include yeast and many bacteria

52
Q

Feedback inhibition related to cellular respiration

A

most common mechansim for control of cellular respiration

As ATP concentration goes down, cellular respiration increases

53
Q

Phosphofructonkinase

A

enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of ATP

54
Q

organisms that live on other organisms (some disease-causing bacteria, viruses)

A

Parasites

55
Q

acellular (no cell), take everything from host

A

Viruses

56
Q

lives on dead organic matter (aspergillus, produces toxin)

Decomposers - bacteria and fungi

result in carbon-cycle, nitrogen-cycle

A

Saphrophytes

57
Q

make own energy

chemo-autotrophs, photo-autotrophs

A

Autotrophs

58
Q

obtain energy from chemicals (sulfur bacteria)

an autotroph

A

chemo-autotrophs

59
Q

obtain energy from light (green things, algae, fungi, plants, bacteria)

an autotroph

A

photo-autotrophs

60
Q

athlete’s foot

leprosy, pneumonia

A

Parastite fungi that cause disease in humans

bacteria that causes disease in humans

61
Q

depend on other sources for energy

ex. animals

A

Heterotrophs

62
Q

makes O2 and organic molecules

products used in cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis

63
Q

partial breakdown of sugars that happens without O2

continuation of glycolysis

uses phosphorylation instead of an electron tranpsport chain to generate ATP

glycolysis and reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

two types: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

A

Fermentation

64
Q

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

65
Q

is like aerobic respiraiton, but doesn’t consume O2

Uses an electron transport chain with an electron accepotr other than O2, ex: sulfur

A

Anaerobic respiration

66
Q

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic

carbs, fats, and proteins consumed

helpful to trace with glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

A

Cellular Respiration

67
Q

involve oxidation and reduction (simutaneously)

Transfer of electrons in chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

(this energy is used to synthesize ATP)

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

aka oxidation-reduction reactions

A

Redox Reactions

68
Q

reactant that loses electrons

is oxidized

A

Oxidation

69
Q

reactant that gains electrons

is reduced

A

reduction

70
Q

Sodium is oxidized (loses electrons)

Clorine is reduced (gains electron)

A

Na + Cl -> Na+ + Cl-

71
Q

Electron donor

reactant that is oxidized

A

Reducing agent

72
Q

Electron receptor

A

Oxidizing agent

73
Q

Some redox reactions form covalent bonds instead of transferring electrons

A

Reaction between methane and carbon dioxide

74
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

fuel (glucose) is oxidized and O2 is reduced and is the final electron acceptor

A

Cellular respiration as a redox reaction

75
Q

enzyme that plays an important role in reducing NAD+

H-C-OH + NAD+ (dehydrogenase ->) C- - O + NADH + H+

A

dehydrogenase

76
Q

oxidized form

functions as an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) in cellular respiration

A

NAD+

(nicotinamide)

77
Q

reduced form

stored energy that is trapped to sythesize ATP

A

NADH

(nicotinamide)

78
Q

Glycolysis

Citirc Acic (Krebs) Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

3 steps of cellular respiration

79
Q

glucose

A

What is the starting molecule for cellular respiration?

80
Q

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH

A

Net products of glycolysis

81
Q

2 coenzymes that are biproducts of citric acid cycle

reduced form

NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH2

(oxidative phosphorylation)

82
Q

generates the most ATP because it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain

accounts for most of ATP synthesis

occurs in mitochondrial membrane

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

83
Q

occurs in the cytoplasm

most cells complete glycolysis

can happen with aerobic or anaerobic respiration

accepts a wide range of carbohydrates

proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

fats digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) an oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbs

A

Glycolysis

84
Q

energy investment phase (2 ATP used to begin breaking of bonds)

energy payoff phase (net gain of ATP during substrate-level phosphrylation)

A

2 major phases of glycolysis

85
Q

Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis and citric acid cycle

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

86
Q

acetyl CoA

(after glycolysis, pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetate (release of CO2) and then combined with coenzyme A (a protein that is organic), this forms acetyl CoA)

A

Linking factor of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

87
Q

Oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate

Net gain: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

Since there are 2 pyruvate molecules formed from each glucose, the cycle turnes twice for each glucose, so the net gain per glucose is actually:

2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

A

Citric Acid Cycle

(Krebs Cycle)

88
Q

has 8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzymes

  1. From acetyl CoA, teh acetyl group combines with oxaloactate, whic forms citrate

The next 7 steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle

A

Steps of Citric Acid Cycle

89
Q

The NADH and FADH2 produced by the Krebs Cycle relay eletrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

A

Linking of ctiric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation

90
Q

occurs in the cristae of mitochondria

most components are proteins that exist in multiprotein complexes

powers ATP syntheiss via oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron Transport Chain

91
Q

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain

carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept aned donate electrons

Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to oxygen

cytochromes b, c, and a3 are electron carriers

A

Electron carriers in the electron transport chain

92
Q

electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2

A

Free energy of electrons in electron transport chain

93
Q

O2 pulls down the electrons because it is really electronegative

When electrons finally reach oxygen, oxygen combines with the electrons and hydrogen from the surroundings and forms H2O

does NOT generate any ATP

A

Final products of electron transport chain

94
Q

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through chanels in ATP synthase

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

This is an example of chemiosmosis

A

What does electron transfer in the electron transport chain do?

95
Q

the use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive cellular work

A

chemiosmosis

96
Q

Glucose -> NADH -> Electron Transport Chain -> Proton-Motive Force -> ATP

A

Energy flow during cellular respiration

97
Q

About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making either 36 (FADH2) or 38 (NADH) ATP

A

Overall net gain of ATP from cellular respiration

98
Q

Eukaryotic (some do not have mitochondrondria)

A

Yeast Cells

99
Q

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps, with the first releasing CO2

by yeast, used in brewing, wine making, and baking

A

Alcohol Fermentation

100
Q

pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product

No release of CO2

by some fungi, used to make cheese and yogurt

used by human muscle cells to make ATP when O2 is scarce

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

101
Q
  • Both go through glycolysis
  • Starting material is glucose
  • Net gain of ATP
  • Use NAD+
  • Occur in cytoplasm
A

Similarites between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration

102
Q
  • Different final electron acceptors (F: organic molecule like pyruvate or actalehyde, AR: O2)
  • Aerobic respriation produces 38 ATP, Fermenation produces 2 ATP per glucose (net)
A

Differences between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration

103
Q

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

A

Obligate Anaerobes

104
Q

can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic roat that leads to 2 altermative catabolic routes

Include yeast and many bacteria

A

Faculative Anaerobes

105
Q

most common mechansim for control of cellular respiration

As ATP concentration goes down, cellular respiration increases

A

Feedback inhibition related to cellular respiration

106
Q

enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of ATP

A

Phosphofructonkinase

Biology 111 (9 decks)

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