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Biology 111 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasites

A

organisms that live on other organisms (some disease-causing bacteria, viruses)

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2
Q

Viruses

A

acellular (no cell), take everything from host

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3
Q

Saphrophytes

A

lives on dead organic matter (aspergillus, produces toxin)

Decomposers - bacteria and fungi

result in carbon-cycle, nitrogen-cycle

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4
Q

Autotrophs

A

make own energy

chemo-autotrophs, photo-autotrophs

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5
Q

chemo-autotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals (sulfur bacteria)

an autotroph

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6
Q

photo-autotrophs

A

obtain energy from light (green things, algae, fungi, plants, bacteria)

an autotroph

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7
Q

Parastite fungi that cause disease in humans

bacteria that causes disease in humans

A

athlete’s foot

leprosy, pneumonia

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8
Q

Heterotrophs

A

depend on other sources for energy

ex. animals

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9
Q

Photosynthesis

A

makes O2 and organic molecules

products used in cellular respiration

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10
Q

Fermentation

A

partial breakdown of sugars that happens without O2

continuation of glycolysis

uses phosphorylation instead of an electron tranpsport chain to generate ATP

glycolysis and reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

two types: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

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11
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

is like aerobic respiraiton, but doesn’t consume O2

Uses an electron transport chain with an electron accepotr other than O2, ex: sulfur

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13
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic

carbs, fats, and proteins consumed

helpful to trace with glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

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14
Q

Redox Reactions

A

involve oxidation and reduction (simutaneously)

Transfer of electrons in chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

(this energy is used to synthesize ATP)

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

aka oxidation-reduction reactions

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15
Q

Oxidation

A

reactant that loses electrons

is oxidized

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16
Q

reduction

A

reactant that gains electrons

is reduced

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17
Q

Na + Cl -> Na+ + Cl-

A

Sodium is oxidized (loses electrons)

Clorine is reduced (gains electron)

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18
Q

Reducing agent

A

Electron donor

reactant that is oxidized

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19
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron receptor

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20
Q

Reaction between methane and carbon dioxide

A

Some redox reactions form covalent bonds instead of transferring electrons

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21
Q

Cellular respiration as a redox reaction

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

fuel (glucose) is oxidized and O2 is reduced and is the final electron acceptor

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22
Q

dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that plays an important role in reducing NAD+

H-C-OH + NAD+ (dehydrogenase ->) C- - O + NADH + H+

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23
Q

NAD+

(nicotinamide)

A

oxidized form

functions as an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) in cellular respiration

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24
Q

NADH

(nicotinamide)

A

reduced form

stored energy that is trapped to sythesize ATP

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25
3 steps of cellular respiration
Glycolysis Citirc Acic (Krebs) Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
26
What is the starting molecule for cellular respiration?
glucose
27
Net products of glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH
28
NADH and FADH2  | (oxidative phosphorylation)
2 coenzymes that are biproducts of citric acid cycle reduced form NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
29
Oxidative Phosphorylation
generates the most ATP because it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain accounts for most of ATP synthesis occurs in mitochondrial membrane
30
Glycolysis
occurs in the cytoplasm most cells complete glycolysis can happen with aerobic or anaerobic respiration accepts a wide range of carbohydrates proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle fats digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) an oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbs
31
2 major phases of glycolysis
energy investment phase (2 ATP used to begin breaking of bonds) energy payoff phase (net gain of ATP during substrate-level phosphrylation)
32
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis and citric acid cycle
33
Linking factor of glycolysis and citric acid cycle
acetyl CoA (after glycolysis, pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetate (release of CO2) and then combined with coenzyme A (a protein that is organic), this forms acetyl CoA)
34
Citric Acid Cycle | (Krebs Cycle)
Oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate Net gain: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn Since there are 2 pyruvate molecules formed from each glucose, the cycle turnes twice for each glucose, so the net gain per glucose is actually: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
35
Steps of Citric Acid Cycle
has 8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzymes 1. From acetyl CoA, teh acetyl group combines with oxaloactate, whic forms citrate The next 7 steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle
36
Linking of ctiric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the Krebs Cycle relay eletrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain
37
Electron Transport Chain
occurs in the cristae of mitochondria most components are proteins that exist in multiprotein complexes powers ATP syntheiss via oxidative phosphorylation
38
Electron carriers in the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept aned donate electrons Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to oxygen cytochromes b, c, and a3 are electron carriers
39
Free energy of electrons in electron transport chain
electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2
40
Final products of electron transport chain
O2 pulls down the electrons because it is really electronegative When electrons finally reach oxygen, oxygen combines with the electrons and hydrogen from the surroundings and forms H2O does NOT generate any ATP
41
What does electron transfer in the electron transport chain do?
Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through chanels in ATP synthase ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP This is an example of chemiosmosis
42
chemiosmosis
the use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive cellular work
43
Energy flow during cellular respiration
Glucose -\> NADH -\> Electron Transport Chain -\> Proton-Motive Force -\> ATP
44
Overall net gain of ATP from cellular respiration
About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making either 36 (FADH2) or 38 (NADH) ATP
45
Yeast Cells
Eukaryotic (some do not have mitochondrondria)
46
Alcohol Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps, with the first releasing CO2 by yeast, used in brewing, wine making, and baking
47
Lactic Acid Fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product No release of CO2 by some fungi, used to make cheese and yogurt used by human muscle cells to make ATP when O2 is scarce
48
Similarites between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration
* Both go through glycolysis * Starting material is glucose * Net gain of ATP * Use NAD+ * Occur in cytoplasm
49
Differences between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration
* Different final electron acceptors (F: organic molecule like pyruvate or actalehyde, AR: O2) * Aerobic respriation produces 38 ATP, Fermenation produces 2 ATP per glucose (net)
50
Obligate Anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
51
Faculative Anaerobes
can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic roat that leads to 2 altermative catabolic routes Include yeast and many bacteria
52
Feedback inhibition related to cellular respiration
most common mechansim for control of cellular respiration As ATP concentration goes down, cellular respiration increases
53
Phosphofructonkinase
enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of ATP
54
organisms that live on other organisms (some disease-causing bacteria, viruses)
Parasites
55
acellular (no cell), take everything from host
Viruses
56
lives on dead organic matter (aspergillus, produces toxin) Decomposers - bacteria and fungi result in carbon-cycle, nitrogen-cycle
Saphrophytes
57
make own energy chemo-autotrophs, photo-autotrophs
Autotrophs
58
obtain energy from chemicals (sulfur bacteria) an autotroph
chemo-autotrophs
59
obtain energy from light (green things, algae, fungi, plants, bacteria) an autotroph
photo-autotrophs
60
athlete's foot leprosy, pneumonia
Parastite fungi that cause disease in humans bacteria that causes disease in humans
61
depend on other sources for energy ex. animals
Heterotrophs
62
makes O2 and organic molecules products used in cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
63
partial breakdown of sugars that happens without O2 continuation of glycolysis uses phosphorylation instead of an electron tranpsport chain to generate ATP glycolysis and reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis two types: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
Fermentation
64
consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
Aerobic respiration
65
is like aerobic respiraiton, but doesn't consume O2 Uses an electron transport chain with an electron accepotr other than O2, ex: sulfur
Anaerobic respiration
66
includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic carbs, fats, and proteins consumed helpful to trace with glucose C6H12O6 + 6O2 -\> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)
Cellular Respiration
67
involve oxidation and reduction (simutaneously) Transfer of electrons in chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules (this energy is used to synthesize ATP) Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants aka oxidation-reduction reactions
Redox Reactions
68
reactant that loses electrons is oxidized
Oxidation
69
reactant that gains electrons is reduced
reduction
70
Sodium is oxidized (loses electrons) Clorine is reduced (gains electron)
Na + Cl -\> Na+ + Cl-
71
Electron donor reactant that is oxidized
Reducing agent
72
Electron receptor
Oxidizing agent
73
Some redox reactions form covalent bonds instead of transferring electrons
Reaction between methane and carbon dioxide
74
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -\> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat) fuel (glucose) is oxidized and O2 is reduced and is the final electron acceptor
Cellular respiration as a redox reaction
75
enzyme that plays an important role in reducing NAD+ H-C-OH + NAD+ (dehydrogenase -\>) C- - O + NADH + H+
dehydrogenase
76
oxidized form functions as an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) in cellular respiration
NAD+ | (nicotinamide)
77
reduced form stored energy that is trapped to sythesize ATP
NADH | (nicotinamide)
78
Glycolysis Citirc Acic (Krebs) Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
3 steps of cellular respiration
79
glucose
What is the starting molecule for cellular respiration?
80
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH
Net products of glycolysis
81
2 coenzymes that are biproducts of citric acid cycle reduced form NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2  | (oxidative phosphorylation)
82
generates the most ATP because it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain accounts for most of ATP synthesis occurs in mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative Phosphorylation
83
occurs in the cytoplasm most cells complete glycolysis can happen with aerobic or anaerobic respiration accepts a wide range of carbohydrates proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle fats digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) an oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbs
Glycolysis
84
energy investment phase (2 ATP used to begin breaking of bonds) energy payoff phase (net gain of ATP during substrate-level phosphrylation)
2 major phases of glycolysis
85
Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis and citric acid cycle
Substrate-level phosphorylation
86
acetyl CoA (after glycolysis, pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetate (release of CO2) and then combined with coenzyme A (a protein that is organic), this forms acetyl CoA)
Linking factor of glycolysis and citric acid cycle
87
Oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate Net gain: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn Since there are 2 pyruvate molecules formed from each glucose, the cycle turnes twice for each glucose, so the net gain per glucose is actually: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
Citric Acid Cycle | (Krebs Cycle)
88
has 8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzymes 1. From acetyl CoA, teh acetyl group combines with oxaloactate, whic forms citrate The next 7 steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle
Steps of Citric Acid Cycle
89
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the Krebs Cycle relay eletrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain
Linking of ctiric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation
90
occurs in the cristae of mitochondria most components are proteins that exist in multiprotein complexes powers ATP syntheiss via oxidative phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain
91
NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept aned donate electrons Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to oxygen cytochromes b, c, and a3 are electron carriers
Electron carriers in the electron transport chain
92
electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2
Free energy of electrons in electron transport chain
93
O2 pulls down the electrons because it is really electronegative When electrons finally reach oxygen, oxygen combines with the electrons and hydrogen from the surroundings and forms H2O does NOT generate any ATP
Final products of electron transport chain
94
Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through chanels in ATP synthase ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP This is an example of chemiosmosis
What does electron transfer in the electron transport chain do?
95
the use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive cellular work
chemiosmosis
96
Glucose -\> NADH -\> Electron Transport Chain -\> Proton-Motive Force -\> ATP
Energy flow during cellular respiration
97
About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making either 36 (FADH2) or 38 (NADH) ATP
Overall net gain of ATP from cellular respiration
98
Eukaryotic (some do not have mitochondrondria)
Yeast Cells
99
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps, with the first releasing CO2 by yeast, used in brewing, wine making, and baking
Alcohol Fermentation
100
pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product No release of CO2 by some fungi, used to make cheese and yogurt used by human muscle cells to make ATP when O2 is scarce
Lactic Acid Fermentation
101
* Both go through glycolysis * Starting material is glucose * Net gain of ATP * Use NAD+ * Occur in cytoplasm
Similarites between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration
102
* Different final electron acceptors (F: organic molecule like pyruvate or actalehyde, AR: O2) * Aerobic respriation produces 38 ATP, Fermenation produces 2 ATP per glucose (net)
Differences between Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration
103
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
Obligate Anaerobes
104
can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic roat that leads to 2 altermative catabolic routes Include yeast and many bacteria
Faculative Anaerobes
105
most common mechansim for control of cellular respiration As ATP concentration goes down, cellular respiration increases
Feedback inhibition related to cellular respiration
106
enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of ATP
Phosphofructonkinase

Biology 111 (9 decks)

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