Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 111 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Order inside (box)

A

DNA, Gene, Chromosome, Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genome

A

complete complement of an organism’s DNA

includes: genes (control traits), non-codng DNA organized in chromosmes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genes

A

“unit of heredity”, made up of segments of DNA

Eukaryotic DNA is organized in chromosomes

have specific places on chromosomes (locus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Introns

A

non-coding sequences. do not produce a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Exons

A

coding-sequences. produces a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromosome theory of heredity

A

chromosomes carry genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

many single-celled organisms reproduce by splitting, budding, parthenogenesis

some multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually, product clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Asexual vs. sexual reproduction

A

Asexual: clone, mitosis

Sexual: 2 parents, offspring genetically different from parents and each other, fusion of 2 gamete to produce a single zygote, allows genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Zygote

A

embryo, diploid, 2 copies of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Karyotype

A

ordered display of an individual’s chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Trisomy

A

3 chromosome 21’s, Down’s Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Homologous pairs

A

In diploid autosomes, chromosomes are in ?

when 2 non-sister chromosomes become close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gametes

A

in humans:

contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

haploid

sperm or egg

produced by meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fertilization/syngamy

A

results in zygote that is now diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reduction division

A

chromosome number is halved, meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sister chromatid

A

duplicated form of replicated chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

centromere

A

where chromosomes are attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Independent assortment

A

2n number of possibilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Life cycle

A

sequence of stages in organism’s reproductive history; conception to reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

somatic cells

A

only cell other than gametes (most cells in body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

More genetic diversity equals

A

more potential for survival of species when environmental condtions change

shuffling of genes in meiosis

crossing-over in meiosis

fertilization: combines genes from 2 separate individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DNA back-up and repair

A
  • asexual organisms don’t have back-up copis of genes
  • sexual organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes and 1 can act as a back-up if the other is damaged
  • sexual mechanisms, especially recombination, are used to repiar damaged DNA - the undamaged chromsom acts as a template and eventually both chromosomes end up with correct gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

DNA replication

of divisions

Synapsis of homologous chromosomes

of daughter cells and genetic composition

Role in animal body

A

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

DNA Replication: During interphase before nuclear division begions - during interphase before meiosis 1 begins (once

# of Divisions: one - two

Synapsis of homologous chromosomes: doesn’t happen - prophase 1, homologous chromosomes join along their lenth, forming tetrads (grops of 4 chromosomes); synapsis is associated with crossing-over between non-sister chromatids

# of daughter cells and genetic composisiton: 2 diploid (2n) genetically identical to parent - 4, haploid (n), have 1/2 as many chromosomes as parent cells, genetically non identical to parent and each other

Role in animal body: Enables multicellular adult to arise from zygote; prodcues cells for growth and tissue repair - produces gametes; reduces chrmosome number by half and introduces genetic variability among gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chiasmata

A

sites of crossing-over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

crossing-over

A

produces recombinant chromosomes

allows genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Overal, separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes, rather than sister chromatids of individual chromsomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prophase 1:

A

each chromosome duplicates (sister chromatids), crossing-over occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Synapsis

A

homologous chromsomes pair up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes align at equalatorial plate

31
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate (sister chromatids still together)

32
Q

Telophase 1

A

2 daughter cells formed with each only having 1 chromosome of the homologous pair

33
Q

Meiosis II

A

gamete formation

34
Q

Prophase II

A

DNA does NOT replicate

35
Q

Metaphase II

A

chromosomes align at the equatorial plate

36
Q

Anaphase II

A

centromeres divide and siter chromatids migrate separately to each pole

37
Q

Telophase II

A

cell division is complete 4 haploid daughter cells

38
Q

DNA, Gene, Chromosome, Genome

A

Order inside (box)

39
Q

complete complement of an organism’s DNA

includes: genes (control traits), non-codng DNA organized in chromosmes

A

Genome

40
Q

“unit of heredity”, made up of segments of DNA

Eukaryotic DNA is organized in chromosomes

have specific places on chromosomes (locus)

A

Genes

41
Q

non-coding sequences. do not produce a protein

A

Introns

42
Q

coding-sequences. produces a protein

A

Exons

43
Q

chromosomes carry genes

A

Chromosome theory of heredity

44
Q

many single-celled organisms reproduce by splitting, budding, parthenogenesis

some multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually, product clones

A

Asexual Reproduction

45
Q

Asexual: clone, mitosis

Sexual: 2 parents, offspring genetically different from parents and each other, fusion of 2 gamete to produce a single zygote, allows genetic recombination

A

Asexual vs. sexual reproduction

46
Q

embryo, diploid, 2 copies of chromosomes

A

Zygote

47
Q

ordered display of an individual’s chromosomes

A

Karyotype

48
Q

3 chromosome 21’s, Down’s Syndrome

A

Trisomy

49
Q

In diploid autosomes, chromosomes are in ?

when 2 non-sister chromosomes become close

A

Homologous pairs

50
Q

non-sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes

51
Q

in humans:

contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

haploid

sperm or egg

produced by meiosis

A

Gametes

52
Q

results in zygote that is now diploid

A

fertilization/syngamy

53
Q

chromosome number is halved, meiosis

A

Reduction division

54
Q

duplicated form of replicated chromosome

A

Sister chromatid

55
Q

where chromosomes are attached

A

centromere

56
Q

2n number of possibilities

A

Independent assortment

57
Q

sequence of stages in organism’s reproductive history; conception to reproduction

A

Life cycle

58
Q

only cell other than gametes (most cells in body)

A

somatic cells

59
Q

more potential for survival of species when environmental condtions change

shuffling of genes in meiosis

crossing-over in meiosis

fertilization: combines genes from 2 separate individuals

A

More genetic diversity equals

60
Q
  • asexual organisms don’t have back-up copis of genes
  • sexual organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes and 1 can act as a back-up if the other is damaged
  • sexual mechanisms, especially recombination, are used to repiar damaged DNA - the undamaged chromsom acts as a template and eventually both chromosomes end up with correct gene
A

DNA back-up and repair

61
Q

sites of crossing-over

A

Chiasmata

62
Q

produces recombinant chromosomes

allows genetic variation

A

crossing-over

63
Q

Overal, separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes, rather than sister chromatids of individual chromsomes

A

Meiosis 1

64
Q

each chromosome duplicates (sister chromatids), crossing-over occurs

A

Prophase 1:

65
Q

homologous chromsomes pair up

A

Synapsis

66
Q

homologous chromosomes align at equalatorial plate

A

Metaphase 1

67
Q

Homologous pairs separate (sister chromatids still together)

A

Anaphase 1

68
Q

2 daughter cells formed with each only having 1 chromosome of the homologous pair

A

Telophase 1

69
Q

gamete formation

A

Meiosis II

70
Q

DNA does NOT replicate

A

Prophase II

71
Q

chromosomes align at the equatorial plate

A

Metaphase II

72
Q

centromeres divide and siter chromatids migrate separately to each pole

A

Anaphase II

73
Q

cell division is complete 4 haploid daughter cells

A

Telophase II

Biology 111 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions