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Biology 111 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

character

A

a heritable feature (ie flower color)

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2
Q

trait

A

a variant of character, such as purple or white flowers

each carries two copies of a gene (one from mom, one from dad)

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3
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of genes (D, d)

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4
Q

complete dominance

A

heterozygous phenotype same as that of homozygous dominant

PP, Pp = purple

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5
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotype

CRCW = Pink

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6
Q

codominance

A

both phenotypes expressed in heterozygotes

IAIB

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7
Q

Multiple alleles

A

in the whole population, some genes have more than two alleles

ABO blood group alleles - IA, IB, i

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8
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene affects multiple phenotypic characters

ex. sickle-cell disease

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9
Q

epistasis

A

the phenotypic expression of one gene affects that of another

(ex. Labradors have a gene to be brown (Bb), the next gene affects how much color is shown, ee at that gene will mean a yellow dog no matter what the first gene is)

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10
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

a single phenotypic character is affected by two or more genes

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11
Q

antagonistic traits

A

one trait repels another

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12
Q

geneotype

A

pair of alleles present in an individual

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13
Q

capitalized traits

A

dominant phenotypes

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14
Q

lowercase traits

A

recessive phenotypes

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15
Q

hybridization

A

mating 2 contrasting true-bred organisms

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16
Q

Heredity concepts

A
  1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters, whcih are now called alleles
  2. For each character an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each parent, a genetic locus is actually represented twice
  3. If the 2 alleels at a locus differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance
  4. The Law of Segregation
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17
Q

The Law of Segregation

A

the 2 alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

it’s a mechanism of gene transmission

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18
Q

gametogenesis

A

alleles segregate (in gamete formation)

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19
Q

Punnett squares

A

show how traits can segregate and reunite

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20
Q

test cross

A

allows us to determine genotype of unknown organism with dominant phenotype cross with homozygous recessive

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21
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

when gametes form, each pair of heredity factors (alleles) separate independently of the other pairs

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22
Q

Law of Probability

A

Multiplication rule (independent events)

addition rule (dependent events)

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23
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions

A
  • Genes are distinct entities that remain unchanged during crosses
  • Each plant has two alleles of a gene
  • Alleles segregate into gametes in equal proportions, each gamete got only one allele
  • During gamete fusion, the numer of alleles was restored to two
    *
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24
Q

Relationship between dominance and phenotype

A

For any character, dominance/recessiveness relationships of alleles depend on the level at which we examine the phenotype

ex. Tay-Sachs disease (fatal; a dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in brain)

  • at organismal level, allele is recessive
  • at biochemical level; phenotype (ie enzyme activity level) is incompletely dominant
  • at the molecular level, the alleels are codominant
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25
Q

Polygenic traits

A

the combined interaction of many gene loci control most traits, often show continuous variation

ex. skin color in humans

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26
Q

Quantitative characters

A

those that vary in the population along a continuum

Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance

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27
Q

Phenotype depends on genotype and…?

A

Phenotype also depends on environment

ex. Arctic Fox

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28
Q

Norm of Reaction

A

phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

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29
Q

Pedigree

A

a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

Can be used to trace and describe inheritance patterns, predict phenotype of future offspring

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30
Q

Recessively inherited disorders

A

rr causes disease, Rr is unaffected individual (but is a carrier)

many genetic disorders are inherited in a recessive manner

can range from mild to life-threatening

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31
Q

Consanguineous mating

A

matings betwen close releatives

increase the chance of mating between 2 carriers of the same rare allele

32
Q

Albinism

A

lakc of pigment in skin/hair

recessively inherited disorder

33
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Recessively inherited disorder

most common lethal genetic disease in U.S.

European descent

allele results in defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membrane leading to a buildup of chloride ions outside the cell

symptoms: mucus buildup in some, internal organs, and abnormal absorption of nutrients in small intestine

34
Q

Sickle-Cell disease

A

a genetic disorder with evolutionary implications

African americants

caused by a substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells

symptoms: physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis

Heterozygotes are mostly healthy, restistant to malaria

35
Q

Dominantly inherited disorders

A

dominant allels that cause a lethal disease are rare and arise by mutation

36
Q

Achondroplasia

A

a form of dwarfism

dominantly inherited

37
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

a late-onset lethal disease

a degenerative disease of the nervous system

dominantly inherited

38
Q

Multifactorial disorders

A

many diseases have both genetic and environmental components

ex. heat disease, diabetes, alcoholism, mental illnesses, cancer

little is understood about the genetic contribution to most multifactorial diseases

39
Q

a heritable feature (ie flower color)

A

character

40
Q

a variant of character, such as purple or white flowers

each carries two copies of a gene (one from mom, one from dad)

A

trait

41
Q

alternative forms of genes (D, d)

A

alleles

42
Q

heterozygous phenotype same as that of homozygous dominant

PP, Pp = purple

A

complete dominance

43
Q

heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotype

CRCW = Pink

A

Incomplete dominance

44
Q

both phenotypes expressed in heterozygotes

IAIB

A

codominance

45
Q

in the whole population, some genes have more than two alleles

ABO blood group alleles - IA, IB, i

A

Multiple alleles

46
Q

one gene affects multiple phenotypic characters

ex. sickle-cell disease

A

Pleiotropy

47
Q

the phenotypic expression of one gene affects that of another

(ex. Labradors have a gene to be brown (Bb), the next gene affects how much color is shown, ee at that gene will mean a yellow dog no matter what the first gene is)

A

epistasis

48
Q

a single phenotypic character is affected by two or more genes

A

Polygenic inheritance

49
Q

one trait repels another

A

antagonistic traits

50
Q

pair of alleles present in an individual

A

geneotype

51
Q

dominant phenotypes

A

capitalized traits

52
Q

recessive phenotypes

A

lowercase traits

53
Q

mating 2 contrasting true-bred organisms

A

hybridization

54
Q
  1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters, whcih are now called alleles
  2. For each character an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each parent, a genetic locus is actually represented twice
  3. If the 2 alleels at a locus differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance
  4. The Law of Segregation
A

Heredity concepts

55
Q

the 2 alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

it’s a mechanism of gene transmission

A

The Law of Segregation

56
Q

alleles segregate (in gamete formation)

A

gametogenesis

57
Q

show how traits can segregate and reunite

A

Punnett squares

58
Q

allows us to determine genotype of unknown organism with dominant phenotype cross with homozygous recessive

A

test cross

59
Q

when gametes form, each pair of heredity factors (alleles) separate independently of the other pairs

A

Law of Independent Assortment

60
Q

Multiplication rule (independent events)

addition rule (dependent events)

A

Law of Probability

61
Q
  • Genes are distinct entities that remain unchanged during crosses
  • Each plant has two alleles of a gene
  • Alleles segregate into gametes in equal proportions, each gamete got only one allele
  • During gamete fusion, the numer of alleles was restored to two
    *
A

Mendel’s Conclusions

62
Q

For any character, dominance/recessiveness relationships of alleles depend on the level at which we examine the phenotype

ex. Tay-Sachs disease (fatal; a dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in brain)

  • at organismal level, allele is recessive
  • at biochemical level; phenotype (ie enzyme activity level) is incompletely dominant
  • at the molecular level, the alleels are codominant
A

Relationship between dominance and phenotype

63
Q

the combined interaction of many gene loci control most traits, often show continuous variation

ex. skin color in humans

A

Polygenic traits

64
Q

those that vary in the population along a continuum

Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance

A

Quantitative characters

65
Q

Phenotype also depends on environment

ex. Arctic Fox

A

Phenotype depends on genotype and…?

66
Q

phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

A

Norm of Reaction

67
Q

a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

Can be used to trace and describe inheritance patterns, predict phenotype of future offspring

A

Pedigree

68
Q

rr causes disease, Rr is unaffected individual (but is a carrier)

many genetic disorders are inherited in a recessive manner

can range from mild to life-threatening

A

Recessively inherited disorders

69
Q

matings betwen close releatives

increase the chance of mating between 2 carriers of the same rare allele

A

Consanguineous mating

70
Q

lakc of pigment in skin/hair

recessively inherited disorder

A

Albinism

71
Q

Recessively inherited disorder

most common lethal genetic disease in U.S.

European descent

allele results in defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membrane leading to a buildup of chloride ions outside the cell

symptoms: mucus buildup in some, internal organs, and abnormal absorption of nutrients in small intestine

A

Cystic Fibrosis

72
Q

a genetic disorder with evolutionary implications

African americants

caused by a substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells

symptoms: physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis

Heterozygotes are mostly healthy, restistant to malaria

A

Sickle-Cell disease

73
Q

dominant allels that cause a lethal disease are rare and arise by mutation

A

Dominantly inherited disorders

74
Q

a form of dwarfism

dominantly inherited

A

Achondroplasia

75
Q

a late-onset lethal disease

a degenerative disease of the nervous system

dominantly inherited

A

Huntington’s Disease

76
Q

many diseases have both genetic and environmental components

ex. heat disease, diabetes, alcoholism, mental illnesses, cancer

little is understood about the genetic contribution to most multifactorial diseases

A

Multifactorial disorders

Biology 111 (9 decks)

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