Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Cell Division
What do multicellular organisms depend on it for?
A
reproduction of cells
- development form a fertilized cell
- growth
- repair
2
Q
Cell Cycle
A
the life of a cell from formation to its own division
time intervals between 2 cell divisions
cell cycle=life cycle in prokaryotic cells like bacteria
3
Q
Meiosis
A
germ cell production (egg and sperm cells)
4
Q
Genome
A
all the DNA in a cell
can consist of a single DNA molecule (prokaryotes) or a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotes)
5
Q
Chromosomes
A
DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into these
every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of these in each cell nucleus
shape of these is very important
6
Q
Chromatin
A
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of these
they are a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
7
Q
Somatic cells
A
nonreproductive cells
have two sets of chromosomes
8
Q
Gametes
A
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)
have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
produced by meiosis
9
Q
Mitotic Cell Division
A
growth and development - repair, chromosome numbers identical, responsible for maintaing vegetative (somatic) cells. ex. nerve, skin, blood, hair cells
process is normally very controlled.
uncontrolled in cancer
10
Q
Life cycle
A
include growth and development
11
Q
Binary fission
A
how prokaryotes divdide
chromosome replicates at the origin of replication (OR) and the 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart
the plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell in two
12
Q
Meiosis
A
egg cell, sperm cell, chromosome number halved
genetically different than parent cells
13
Q
Spermatogenisis
A
formation of sperm cell
14
Q
oogenesis
A
formation of egg cell
15
Q
Linked gene inheritance
A
closer the gene = more linked, maximum inheritance
16
Q
Autosomal
A
inherited only by vegetative chromosomes (1-22)
17
Q
Interphase
A
In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes condense
18
Q
Centromere
A
narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosomes, where the 2 chromatids are most closely attached
19
Q
sister chromatids
A
joined copies of the original chromosome
chromatids are called chromosomes once separated
20
Q
Eukaryotic cell divisions consist of:
A
Mitosis = the division of the genetic material in the nucleus
Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm
21
Q
Karyotyping
A
refers to the health of the chromosomes, tells whether or not DNA of nucleus is normal in embryo
22
Q
Cell cycle consists of:
A
Mitotic phase (M)
Interphase
G1 Phase
S phase
G2 Phase
cell grwos duirng all three pahses, but chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase
23
Q
Mitotic Phase (M)
A
mitosis and cytokinesis
24
Q
Interphase
A
cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
25
G1 phase ("first gap")
time that max. active transport takes place and when cell gets ready for division (max metabolism and uptake of nutrients into the cell, etc)
26
S Phase ("synthesis")
replication of DNA takes place
27
G2 Phase ("second gap")
cell organelles divide
28
Mitotic Spindle
a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
includes the centrosomes, the spinle microtubules, and the asters
29
Centrosome
In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins here
microtubule organizing center
replicates during interphase, forming 2 centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase
30
Aster
radial array of short microtubules
extends from each centrosome
31
Kinetochores
protein complexes associated with centrosomes
during prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromsomes and **begin to move the chromosomes**
32
Cleavage
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as this and forms a cleavage furrow
33
What forms during cytokinesis in plant cells?
cell plate
34
Frequency of cell division
varies with type of cell
these differences result from regulation at molecular level
35
What is the cell cycle driven by?
specific chemical signals (specific protein molecules) present in cytoplasm
36
Mammalian cells
cells outside the human body
hela, raji, chico
37
Cell cycle control system
regulated by both internal and external controls
the clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received
38
Which checkpoint is most important?
G1 Checkpoint
if a cell receives this go-ahead signal, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide
If a cell does not receive go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing G0 phase
39
What are the 2 types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control?
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
40
cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
Always require ATP
activity fluctuates during the cell cycle b/c it is controlled by cyclins
41
Maturation-promoting factor (MPF)
is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase
42
Density-dependent inhibition
crowded cells stop dividing
external signal
43
example of internal signal
kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase
## Footnote
44
example of external signals
## Footnote
growth factors, density-dependent inhibition
45
growth factors
## Footnote
proteins released by certain cell sthat stimulate other cells to divide
eg. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells in culture...controlled by transgenes (produced by 1 chromosome, and stimulates growth and divison of another)
46
anchorage dependence
exhibited by most animal cells
cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
47
Transformation
process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell
cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence
48
Benign tumor
abnormal cells ramin only at orginal site
49
Malignant tumors
invade surrounding tissues and can metasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form additional tumors
50
Transgene expression
GMO's have these
Genetically modified organisms
51
Oncogenes
cancer-causing gene
hallmark #1, domate at cellular level, self-sufficiency in growth signals, specific nucleotide sequences
transduction, mutations, overexpression
52
Transduction
over-expression, mutant genes
53
overexpression
gene amplification
* tyrosine-kinase receptors
* translocations and rearrangements
* autocrine signaling and transcription factors d
54
Apoptosis
programmed cell death. Hallmark #3, evasion of apoptosis: apoptosis is a critical defense against cancer
55
telomerase
responsible for endless multiplication of cells
56
Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells
do not respond to body's control mechansims
may not need growth factors to grow and divide
may make g.f. on own or convey g.f. signal w/o presence of g.f.
may have an abnormal cell cycle control system
57
reproduction of cells
* development form a fertilized cell
* growth
* repair
Cell Division
What do multicellular organisms depend on it for?
58
the life of a cell from formation to its own division
time intervals between 2 cell divisions
cell cycle=life cycle in prokaryotic cells like bacteria
Cell Cycle
59
germ cell production (egg and sperm cells)
Meiosis
60
all the DNA in a cell
can consist of a single DNA molecule (prokaryotes) or a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotes)
Genome
61
DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into these
every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of these in each cell nucleus
shape of these is very important
Chromosomes
62
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of these
they are a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
Chromatin
63
nonreproductive cells
have two sets of chromosomes
Somatic cells
64
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)
have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
produced by meiosis
Gametes
65
growth and development - repair, chromosome numbers identical, responsible for maintaing vegetative (somatic) cells. ex. nerve, skin, blood, hair cells
process is normally very controlled.
uncontrolled in cancer
Mitotic Cell Division
66
include growth and development
Life cycle
67
how prokaryotes divdide
chromosome replicates at the origin of replication (OR) and the 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart
the plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell in two
Binary fission
68
egg cell, sperm cell, chromosome number halved
genetically different than parent cells
Meiosis
69
formation of sperm cell
Spermatogenisis
70
formation of egg cell
oogenesis
71
closer the gene = more linked, maximum inheritance
Linked gene inheritance
72
inherited only by vegetative chromosomes (1-22)
Autosomal
73
In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes condense
Interphase
74
narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosomes, where the 2 chromatids are most closely attached
Centromere
75
joined copies of the original chromosome
chromatids are called chromosomes once separated
sister chromatids
76
Mitosis = the division of the genetic material in the nucleus
Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cell divisions consist of:
77
refers to the health of the chromosomes, tells whether or not DNA of nucleus is normal in embryo
Karyotyping
78
Mitotic phase (M)
Interphase
G1 Phase
S phase
G2 Phase
cell grwos duirng all three pahses, but chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase
Cell cycle consists of:
79
mitosis and cytokinesis
Mitotic Phase (M)
80
cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
Interphase
81
time that max. active transport takes place and when cell gets ready for division (max metabolism and uptake of nutrients into the cell, etc)
G1 phase ("first gap")
82
replication of DNA takes place
S Phase ("synthesis")
83
cell organelles divide
G2 Phase ("second gap")
84
a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
includes the centrosomes, the spinle microtubules, and the asters
Mitotic Spindle
85
In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins here
microtubule organizing center
replicates during interphase, forming 2 centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase
Centrosome
86
radial array of short microtubules
extends from each centrosome
Aster
87
protein complexes associated with centrosomes
during prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromsomes and **begin to move the chromosomes**
Kinetochores
88
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as this and forms a cleavage furrow
Cleavage
89
cell plate
What forms during cytokinesis in plant cells?
90
varies with type of cell
these differences result from regulation at molecular level
Frequency of cell division
91
specific chemical signals (specific protein molecules) present in cytoplasm
What is the cell cycle driven by?
92
cells outside the human body
hela, raji, chico
Mammalian cells
93
regulated by both internal and external controls
the clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received
Cell cycle control system
94
G1 Checkpoint
if a cell receives this go-ahead signal, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide
If a cell does not receive go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing G0 phase
Which checkpoint is most important?
95
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
What are the 2 types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control?
96
Always require ATP
activity fluctuates during the cell cycle b/c it is controlled by cyclins
cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
97
is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase
Maturation-promoting factor (MPF)
98
crowded cells stop dividing
external signal
Density-dependent inhibition
99
kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase
## Footnote
example of internal signal
100
## Footnote
growth factors, density-dependent inhibition
example of external signals
101
## Footnote
proteins released by certain cell sthat stimulate other cells to divide
eg. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells in culture...controlled by transgenes (produced by 1 chromosome, and stimulates growth and divison of another)
growth factors
102
exhibited by most animal cells
cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
anchorage dependence
103
process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell
cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence
Transformation
104
abnormal cells ramin only at orginal site
Benign tumor
105
invade surrounding tissues and can metasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form additional tumors
Malignant tumors
106
1. self-sufficiency in growth singals
2. insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
3. evasion of apoptosis
4. limitless replicative capacity
5. sustained angiogenesis
6. tissue invasion and metastasis
6 changes for cancer
107
GMO's have these
Genetically modified organisms
Transgene expression
108
cancer-causing gene
hallmark #1, domate at cellular level, self-sufficiency in growth signals, specific nucleotide sequences
transduction, mutations, overexpression
Oncogenes
109
over-expression, mutant genes
Transduction
110
ras activation mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61
mutations
111
gene amplification
* tyrosine-kinase receptors
* translocations and rearrangements
* autocrine signaling and transcription factors d
overexpression
112
programmed cell death. Hallmark #3, evasion of apoptosis: apoptosis is a critical defense against cancer
Apoptosis
113
responsible for endless multiplication of cells
telomerase
114
do not respond to body's control mechansims
may not need growth factors to grow and divide
may make g.f. on own or convey g.f. signal w/o presence of g.f.
may have an abnormal cell cycle control system
Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells
