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Biology 111 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Division

What do multicellular organisms depend on it for?

A

reproduction of cells

  • development form a fertilized cell
  • growth
  • repair
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2
Q

Cell Cycle

A

the life of a cell from formation to its own division

time intervals between 2 cell divisions

cell cycle=life cycle in prokaryotic cells like bacteria

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

germ cell production (egg and sperm cells)

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4
Q

Genome

A

all the DNA in a cell

can consist of a single DNA molecule (prokaryotes) or a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotes)

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into these

every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of these in each cell nucleus

shape of these is very important

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of these

they are a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

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7
Q

Somatic cells

A

nonreproductive cells

have two sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

produced by meiosis

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9
Q

Mitotic Cell Division

A

growth and development - repair, chromosome numbers identical, responsible for maintaing vegetative (somatic) cells. ex. nerve, skin, blood, hair cells

process is normally very controlled.

uncontrolled in cancer

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10
Q

Life cycle

A

include growth and development

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11
Q

Binary fission

A

how prokaryotes divdide

chromosome replicates at the origin of replication (OR) and the 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart

the plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell in two

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

egg cell, sperm cell, chromosome number halved

genetically different than parent cells

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13
Q

Spermatogenisis

A

formation of sperm cell

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14
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of egg cell

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15
Q

Linked gene inheritance

A

closer the gene = more linked, maximum inheritance

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16
Q

Autosomal

A

inherited only by vegetative chromosomes (1-22)

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17
Q

Interphase

A

In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes condense

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18
Q

Centromere

A

narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosomes, where the 2 chromatids are most closely attached

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19
Q

sister chromatids

A

joined copies of the original chromosome

chromatids are called chromosomes once separated

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cell divisions consist of:

A

Mitosis = the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Karyotyping

A

refers to the health of the chromosomes, tells whether or not DNA of nucleus is normal in embryo

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22
Q

Cell cycle consists of:

A

Mitotic phase (M)

Interphase

G1 Phase

S phase

G2 Phase

cell grwos duirng all three pahses, but chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase

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23
Q

Mitotic Phase (M)

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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24
Q

Interphase

A

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

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25
Q

G1 phase (“first gap”)

A

time that max. active transport takes place and when cell gets ready for division (max metabolism and uptake of nutrients into the cell, etc)

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26
Q

S Phase (“synthesis”)

A

replication of DNA takes place

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27
Q

G2 Phase (“second gap”)

A

cell organelles divide

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28
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

includes the centrosomes, the spinle microtubules, and the asters

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29
Q

Centrosome

A

In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins here

microtubule organizing center

replicates during interphase, forming 2 centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase

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30
Q

Aster

A

radial array of short microtubules

extends from each centrosome

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31
Q

Kinetochores

A

protein complexes associated with centrosomes

during prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromsomes and begin to move the chromosomes

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32
Q

Cleavage

A

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as this and forms a cleavage furrow

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33
Q

What forms during cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

cell plate

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34
Q

Frequency of cell division

A

varies with type of cell

these differences result from regulation at molecular level

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35
Q

What is the cell cycle driven by?

A

specific chemical signals (specific protein molecules) present in cytoplasm

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36
Q

Mammalian cells

A

cells outside the human body

hela, raji, chico

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37
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

regulated by both internal and external controls

the clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

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38
Q

Which checkpoint is most important?

A

G1 Checkpoint

if a cell receives this go-ahead signal, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

If a cell does not receive go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing G0 phase

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39
Q

What are the 2 types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control?

A

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

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40
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

Always require ATP

activity fluctuates during the cell cycle b/c it is controlled by cyclins

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41
Q

Maturation-promoting factor (MPF)

A

is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

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42
Q

Density-dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop dividing

external signal

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43
Q

example of internal signal

A

kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase

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44
Q

example of external signals

A

growth factors, density-dependent inhibition

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45
Q

growth factors

A

proteins released by certain cell sthat stimulate other cells to divide

eg. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells in culture…controlled by transgenes (produced by 1 chromosome, and stimulates growth and divison of another)

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46
Q

anchorage dependence

A

exhibited by most animal cells

cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

47
Q

Transformation

A

process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

48
Q

Benign tumor

A

abnormal cells ramin only at orginal site

49
Q

Malignant tumors

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form additional tumors

50
Q

Transgene expression

A

GMO’s have these

Genetically modified organisms

51
Q

Oncogenes

A

cancer-causing gene

hallmark #1, domate at cellular level, self-sufficiency in growth signals, specific nucleotide sequences

transduction, mutations, overexpression

52
Q

Transduction

A

over-expression, mutant genes

53
Q

overexpression

A

gene amplification

  • tyrosine-kinase receptors
  • translocations and rearrangements
  • autocrine signaling and transcription factors d
54
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death. Hallmark #3, evasion of apoptosis: apoptosis is a critical defense against cancer

55
Q

telomerase

A

responsible for endless multiplication of cells

56
Q

Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

A

do not respond to body’s control mechansims

may not need growth factors to grow and divide

may make g.f. on own or convey g.f. signal w/o presence of g.f.

may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

57
Q

reproduction of cells

  • development form a fertilized cell
  • growth
  • repair
A

Cell Division

What do multicellular organisms depend on it for?

58
Q

the life of a cell from formation to its own division

time intervals between 2 cell divisions

cell cycle=life cycle in prokaryotic cells like bacteria

A

Cell Cycle

59
Q

germ cell production (egg and sperm cells)

A

Meiosis

60
Q

all the DNA in a cell

can consist of a single DNA molecule (prokaryotes) or a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotes)

A

Genome

61
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into these

every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of these in each cell nucleus

shape of these is very important

A

Chromosomes

62
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of these

they are a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

A

Chromatin

63
Q

nonreproductive cells

have two sets of chromosomes

A

Somatic cells

64
Q

reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

produced by meiosis

A

Gametes

65
Q

growth and development - repair, chromosome numbers identical, responsible for maintaing vegetative (somatic) cells. ex. nerve, skin, blood, hair cells

process is normally very controlled.

uncontrolled in cancer

A

Mitotic Cell Division

66
Q

include growth and development

A

Life cycle

67
Q

how prokaryotes divdide

chromosome replicates at the origin of replication (OR) and the 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart

the plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell in two

A

Binary fission

68
Q

egg cell, sperm cell, chromosome number halved

genetically different than parent cells

A

Meiosis

69
Q

formation of sperm cell

A

Spermatogenisis

70
Q

formation of egg cell

A

oogenesis

71
Q

closer the gene = more linked, maximum inheritance

A

Linked gene inheritance

72
Q

inherited only by vegetative chromosomes (1-22)

A

Autosomal

73
Q

In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes condense

A

Interphase

74
Q

narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosomes, where the 2 chromatids are most closely attached

A

Centromere

75
Q

joined copies of the original chromosome

chromatids are called chromosomes once separated

A

sister chromatids

76
Q

Mitosis = the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotic cell divisions consist of:

77
Q

refers to the health of the chromosomes, tells whether or not DNA of nucleus is normal in embryo

A

Karyotyping

78
Q

Mitotic phase (M)

Interphase

G1 Phase

S phase

G2 Phase

cell grwos duirng all three pahses, but chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase

A

Cell cycle consists of:

79
Q

mitosis and cytokinesis

A

Mitotic Phase (M)

80
Q

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

A

Interphase

81
Q

time that max. active transport takes place and when cell gets ready for division (max metabolism and uptake of nutrients into the cell, etc)

A

G1 phase (“first gap”)

82
Q

replication of DNA takes place

A

S Phase (“synthesis”)

83
Q

cell organelles divide

A

G2 Phase (“second gap”)

84
Q

a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

includes the centrosomes, the spinle microtubules, and the asters

A

Mitotic Spindle

85
Q

In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins here

microtubule organizing center

replicates during interphase, forming 2 centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase

A

Centrosome

86
Q

radial array of short microtubules

extends from each centrosome

A

Aster

87
Q

protein complexes associated with centrosomes

during prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromsomes and begin to move the chromosomes

A

Kinetochores

88
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as this and forms a cleavage furrow

A

Cleavage

89
Q

cell plate

A

What forms during cytokinesis in plant cells?

90
Q

varies with type of cell

these differences result from regulation at molecular level

A

Frequency of cell division

91
Q

specific chemical signals (specific protein molecules) present in cytoplasm

A

What is the cell cycle driven by?

92
Q

cells outside the human body

hela, raji, chico

A

Mammalian cells

93
Q

regulated by both internal and external controls

the clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

A

Cell cycle control system

94
Q

G1 Checkpoint

if a cell receives this go-ahead signal, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

If a cell does not receive go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing G0 phase

A

Which checkpoint is most important?

95
Q

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

What are the 2 types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control?

96
Q

Always require ATP

activity fluctuates during the cell cycle b/c it is controlled by cyclins

A

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

97
Q

is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

A

Maturation-promoting factor (MPF)

98
Q

crowded cells stop dividing

external signal

A

Density-dependent inhibition

99
Q

kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase

A

example of internal signal

100
Q

growth factors, density-dependent inhibition

A

example of external signals

101
Q

proteins released by certain cell sthat stimulate other cells to divide

eg. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells in culture…controlled by transgenes (produced by 1 chromosome, and stimulates growth and divison of another)

A

growth factors

102
Q

exhibited by most animal cells

cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

A

anchorage dependence

103
Q

process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

A

Transformation

104
Q

abnormal cells ramin only at orginal site

A

Benign tumor

105
Q

invade surrounding tissues and can metasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form additional tumors

A

Malignant tumors

106
Q
  1. self-sufficiency in growth singals
  2. insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. evasion of apoptosis
  4. limitless replicative capacity
  5. sustained angiogenesis
  6. tissue invasion and metastasis
A

6 changes for cancer

107
Q

GMO’s have these

Genetically modified organisms

A

Transgene expression

108
Q

cancer-causing gene

hallmark #1, domate at cellular level, self-sufficiency in growth signals, specific nucleotide sequences

transduction, mutations, overexpression

A

Oncogenes

109
Q

over-expression, mutant genes

A

Transduction

110
Q

ras activation mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61

A

mutations

111
Q

gene amplification

  • tyrosine-kinase receptors
  • translocations and rearrangements
  • autocrine signaling and transcription factors d
A

overexpression

112
Q

programmed cell death. Hallmark #3, evasion of apoptosis: apoptosis is a critical defense against cancer

A

Apoptosis

113
Q

responsible for endless multiplication of cells

A

telomerase

114
Q

do not respond to body’s control mechansims

may not need growth factors to grow and divide

may make g.f. on own or convey g.f. signal w/o presence of g.f.

may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

A

Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

Biology 111 (9 decks)

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