Chapter 9

Question 1

Agriculture

Answer 1

Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

Question 2

Crop

Answer 2

Any plant cultivated by people.

Question 3

Agricultural revolution

Answer 3

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering, around the year 8000 B.C.

Question 4

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 4

Found in developing countries, this is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.

Question 5

Commercial agriculture

Answer 5

Found in developed countries, this is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm.

Question 6

Dietary energy consumption

Answer 6

The amount of food that an individual consumes.

Question 7

Cereal grain

Answer 7

Cereal, which is a grass that yields grain for food.

Question 8

Grain

Answer 8

The seed from cereal grass.

Question 9

Food security

Answer 9

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Question 10

Pastoral nomadism

Answer 10

A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.

Question 11

Transhumance

Answer 11

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Question 12

Shifting cultivation

Answer 12

Practiced in much of the world’s tropical climate regions, this involves clearing land through slashing and burning.

Question 13

Plantation

Answer 13

Involves large-scale cultivation of cash crops and relies on labor-intensive methods and monoculture.

Question 14

Slash and burn agriculture

Answer 14

Another name for shifting cultivation.

Question 15

Swidden

Answer 15

The cleared area in shifting cultivation.

Question 16

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Answer 16

A farming technique that uses a lot of labor on small plots of land to produce food for human consumption.

Question 17

Double cropping

Answer 17

Obtaining two harvests per year from one field.

Question 18

Wet rice

Answer 18

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

Question 19

Sawah

Answer 19

What the flooded field in wet rice cultivation is called in Indonesia.

Question 20

Paddy

Answer 20

What the flooded field in wet rice cultivation is commonly called, originates from Malay.

Question 21

Crop rotation

Answer 21

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Question 22

Fishing

Answer 22

The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.

Question 23

Aquaculture

Answer 23

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.

Question 24

Overfishing

Answer 24

Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.

Question 25

Agribusiness

Answer 25

The system of commercial farming found in developed countries.

Question 26

Horticulture

Answer 26

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Question 27

Truck farming

Answer 27

Commercial gardening and fruit farming in the southeastern United States, where a long growing season, humid climate, and accessibility simplifies things.

Question 28

Mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 28

The integration of crops and livestock, when most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

Question 29

Dairy farm

Answer 29

Specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.

Question 30

Milkshed

Answer 30

The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.

Question 31

Prime agricultural land

Answer 31

The most productive farmland.

Question 32

Desertification

Answer 32

When human actions cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition.

Question 33

Green revolution

Answer 33

The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s, such as fertilizers and higher yield seeds.

Question 34

No tillage

Answer 34

Leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields.

Question 35

Ridge tillage

Answer 35

A system of planting crops on ridge tops.

Question 36

Genetically modified organism

Answer 36

A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

Question 37

Ranching

Answer 37

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Question 38

Undernourishment

Answer 38

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement fo maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.