Chapter 2 Flashcards
Overpopulation
Occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by total land area.
Physiological density
The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
MDC (MDEC)
More Developed (Economically) Countries
LDC (LDEC)
Less Developed (Economically) Countries
NIC
Newly Industrialized Countries (Economic growth, exports, rapid industrialization)
HDI
Human Development Index (Life expectancy, education, per-capita income)
Natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage by which a population grow in a year.
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population.
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude death rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49).
Demographic transition
A process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.
Industrial revolution
Major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market, which resulted in unprecedented wealth and healthier communities.
Medical revolution
When medical technology invented by Europe and North America diffused to developing countries, eliminating many causes of death and increasing lifespan.
Zero population growth (ZPG)
When the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero.
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Maternal mortality rate
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births, most commonly obstetrical hemorrhage followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Population pyramid
A bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender.
Dependency ratio
The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births.
Epidemiology
The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special cause.
Epidemiologic transition
Focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition.
Pandemic
A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
