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AP Human Geo > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Geography

A

The study of where things are found on Earth’s surface and the reasons for the locations.

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2
Q

Place

A

A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic. Every place occupies a unique location, or position, on Earth’s surface.

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3
Q

Region

A

An area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. Ex: North America

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4
Q

Scale

A

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

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5
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

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6
Q

Connection

A

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

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7
Q

Map

A

A two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth’s surface, or a portion of it.

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8
Q

Cartography

A

The science of mapmaking

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9
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

A system that determines the precise position of something on earth using predetermined satellites, tracking stations that monitor said satellites, and a receiver that locates those satellites and uses that information to pinpoint its own location.

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10
Q

Geotagging

A

The identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates.

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11
Q

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A

Captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data and produces maps that are more accurate and attractive than those drawn by hand.

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12
Q

Remote Sensing

A

Long distance methods such as satellites that get data about Earth’s surface.

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13
Q

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)

A

The creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals.

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14
Q

Citizen science

A

Scientific research by amateur scientists

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15
Q

Participatory GIS (PGIS)

A

Community-based mapping.

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16
Q

Mashup

A

A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service (Google Earth or Google Maps.)

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17
Q

Projection

A

The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map.

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18
Q

Meridian

A

An arc drawn between the North and South poles.

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19
Q

Longitude

A

The location of each meridian according to a numbering system.

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20
Q

Parallel

A

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

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21
Q

Latitude

A

The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel.

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22
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich England at a longitude of 0.

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23
Q

Location

A

The position that something occupies on Earth’s surface.

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24
Q

Toponym

A

The name given a place on Earth.

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25
Q

Site

A

The physical character of a place.

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26
Q

Situation

A

The location of a place relative to other places.

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27
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

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28
Q

Formal (Uniform) Region

A

An area within which everyone shares in common one of more distinctive characteristics.

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29
Q

Functional (Nodal) Region

A

An area organized around a node or focal point

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30
Q

Vernacular (Perceptual) Region

A

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

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31
Q

Spacial Association

A

Occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature.

31
Q

Culture

A

The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.

32
Q

Globalization

A

A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.

33
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located.

34
Q

Distribution

A

The arrangement of a feature in space.

35
Q

Density

A

The frequency with which something occurs in space.

36
Q

Concentration

A

The extent of a feature’s spread over space.

37
Q

Pattern

A

The geometric arrangement of objects in space.

38
Q

Poststructuralist geography

A

Examines how the powerful in a society dominate or seek to control less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space, and the confrontations that result from the domination.

39
Q

Humanistic geography

A

Emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.

40
Q

Behavioral geography

A

Emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space.

41
Q

Uneven development

A

The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions that results from the globalization of the economy.

42
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group.

43
Q

Acculturation

A

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups.

44
Q

Syncretism

A

The combination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature.

45
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which feature spreads across space from one place to another over time.

46
Q

Hearth

A

A place from which an innovation originates.

47
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

48
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

The spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process.

49
Q

Hierarchial diffusion

A

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

50
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

51
Q

Stimulus diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

52
Q

Network

A

A chain of communication that connects places.

53
Q

Distance decay

A

The farther away someone is from another, the less likely the two are to interact.

54
Q

Space-time compression

A

Distance decay is much less severe in the contemporary world because connection between places takes much less time; this is the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.

55
Q

Resource

A

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use.

56
Q

Sustainability

A

The use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.

57
Q

Renewable resource

A

Produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

58
Q

Nonrenewable resource

A

Produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.

59
Q

Conservation

A

The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation.

60
Q

Preservation

A

The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

61
Q

Biotic

A

Composed of living organisms.

62
Q

Abiotic

A

Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter.

63
Q

Atmosphere

A

A thin layer of gasses surrounding Earth.

64
Q

Hydrosphere

A

All of the water on and near Earth’s surface.

65
Q

Lithosphere

A

Earth’s crust and a portion of the upper mantle directly below the crust.

66
Q

Biosphere

A

All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms.

67
Q

Climate

A

The long-term average weather condition at a particular location.

68
Q

Ecosystem

A

A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact.

69
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of ecosystems.

70
Q

Erosion

A

Occurs when soil washes away in rain or blows away in the wind.

71
Q

Depletion of nutrients

A

Soil contains necessary nutrients; when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace, this leads to depletion.

72
Q

Cultural ecology

A

The geographic study of human-environment relationships.

73
Q

Environmental determinism

A

Invented by nineteenth-century German geographers Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter, who believed that the physical environment caused social development.

74
Q

Possiblism

A

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

75
Q

Polder

A

A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.

AP Human Geo (7 decks)

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