Chapter 9 Flashcards
Development
The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline
Nature
A person’s biological inheritance, especially the person’s genes
Nurture
An individual’s environmental and social experiences
Resilience
A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
Preferential looking
A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at
Stages of prenatal development
Germinal period - weeks 1 and 2
Embryonic period - weeks 3 and 8
Fetal period - months 2 through 9
Two processes responsible for schema development according to Piaget
Assimilation
Accomodation
Assimilation
An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge
Accomodation
An individual’s adjustment of schemas to include new information
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor phase
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operation stage
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants
construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions
Object permanence
Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
Operations
Piaget’s term for mental representations of changes in objects that can be reversed
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting
from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
Formal operational stage
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future
Executive function
Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving
Temperament
An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding
Infant attachment
The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
Secure attachment
The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Insecure attachment
Infants do not use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore; instead, they experience their relationship with the caregiver as unstable and unreliable. The two types of insecure attachment are avoidant and anxious/ambivalent
Authoritarian parenting
A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s direction
Authoritative parenting
A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior
Neglectful parenting
A parental style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life
