Chapter 15 Flashcards
Abnormal behavior
Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
Medical model
The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origin
Vulnerability-stress hypothesis or diathesis-stress model
Theory suggesting that preexisting conditions—such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences—may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder
DSM-5-TR
The text revision of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States
Somatic symptom disorder
A psychological disorder in which a person experiences one or more bodily (somatic) symptoms and experiences excessive thoughts and feelings about these symptoms that interfere with everyday functioning
Comorbidity
When two or more disorders are experienced at the same time
Risk factors
Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood of a person developing a disorder
Psychotherapy
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems
Neurodevelopmental disorders
A class of psychological disorders that typically appear in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development
Autism spectrum disorder
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across a variety of settings as well as restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities
Illusory correlation
A cognitive bias that occurs when two vivid events happen close in time and they are mistakenly perceived as linked, meaningfully
Applied behavior analysis or behavior modification
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Anxiety disorder
Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts
Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and no specific cause
Specific phobia
An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) or social phobia
An anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, physical or emotional abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster
Dissociative disorder
Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts
External validity
The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships; formerly called multiple personality disorder
