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plant science > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

How many divisions and groupings are in the plant kingdom?

A

-12 divisions
-4 groupings

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2
Q

embryophytes

A

retain embryo in female gametangium

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3
Q

what are the cell walls in plans made of?

A

cellulose

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4
Q

what are chlorophyl a, b and carotenoids part of?

A

light harvesting reactions

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5
Q

describe alternation of generations

A

alternation of haploid (gametophyte)and diploid (sporophyte) generations in all land plants

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6
Q

produces gametes

A

gametophytes

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7
Q

produces spores

A

sporophyte

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8
Q

gametes undergo fertilization to produce a ________

A

sporophyte

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9
Q

what do sporophytes need to undergo to produce haploid spores?

A

meiosis

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10
Q

what stage is more dominant for plants to undergo?

A

sporophyte stage

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11
Q

what plants make up the bryophytes?

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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12
Q

what type of habitats are bryophytes found in?

A

wet environments, moist forests (as epiphytes), and in tundra

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13
Q

when did bryophytes evolve?

A

around 450 mya

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14
Q

major characteristics of bryophytes:

A
  • nonvascular
  • haploid dominance
  • seedless
  • spores of one type
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15
Q

bryophytes: liverworts
what does wort mean

A

wort= herb
-name derived from “doctrine of signatures”

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16
Q

what land plant is most closely related to green algae

A

liverworts (bryophytes category)

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17
Q

bryophytes: liverworts
how do liverworts repoduce

A

-reproduce asexually by gemmae cups
-reproduce sexually via sperm (located in the antheridia) fertilizing an egg (held in the archegonium)

18
Q

bryophytes: hornworts
have a _______ which sits on gametophyte and is semi-independent

A

sporophyte

19
Q

bryophytes: mosses
how do mosses reproduce

A

-reproduce asexually: fragmentation of gametophyte
-reproduce sexually: sperm fertilizing egg in gametophyte, sporophyte develops from the archegonium. similar to liverworts

20
Q

historical background of mosses (bryophytes):

A

mosses such as sphagnum were used for insulation, absorbent material, and as wound dressing. it also had uses for fuel and soil additive

21
Q

major characteristics of seedless vascular plants:

A
  • vascular
  • diploid dominance
  • seedless
  • spores of one type
22
Q

what plants are among the seedless vascular plants

A
  • ferns and fern allies
  • club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, true ferns
23
Q

when did seedless vascular plants emerge?
what era were they most dominant in?

A

shortly after bryophytes, around 430 mya. they were the dominant plants of the late paleozoic era

24
Q

what did seedless vascular plants co evolve with?

A

mycorrhizal fungi

25
Q

seedless vascular plants:
what type of environment do they need for sperm dispersal and fertilization?

A

moist/ wet environment

26
Q

what type of habitats are seedless vascular plants located in?

A

warm, moist habitats
-have the highest diversity

27
Q

seedless vascular plants: club mosses

A
  • currently in prostrate forms
  • tree like during the paleozoic era
    -lycopodium spores were used for flash power and for wound dressing
28
Q

seedless vascular plants: horsetails

A
  • equisetum, are the only living genus
  • have true leaves, but the stem is the dominant photosynthetic organ
  • prehistoric equisetophyta grew 60 ft tall
  • have silica (crystals) in exterior of stem: called the scouring rush
29
Q

seedless vascular plants: whisk ferns

A
  • have equal branching in stem
  • stem is photosynthetic
30
Q

seedless vascular plants: ferns

A
  • range from tiny aquatic plants to tree ferns 20m tall
  • sori on back of leaf contain many sporangia
  • sporophyte grows on gametophyte, the sporophyte grows independently after the gametophyte withers away
31
Q

major characteristics of gymnosperms:

A
  • have seeds
  • spores of two types
  • vascular
  • diploid dominance
32
Q

gymnosperms:
- what are the types of plants in this category of land plants?

A
  • conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes
33
Q

gymnosperms:
describe the ovule

A
  • ovules are naked at the time of pollination. pollin travels and contacts the ovule directly.
    -ovule: female gametophyte
34
Q

what era were gymnosperms dominant in?

A

mesozoic era

35
Q

gymnosperms: cycads

A
  • palm like leaves
  • dominated mesozoic era
  • location: southern hemisphere
  • cycads can produce BMAA toxin that is consumed by bats. Guam residents eat bats, causing health concerns
36
Q

gymnosperms: ginkgo

A
  • ginkgo biloba is the only living member
  • have distinct fan shaped leaves that have been unchanged for 150 million years
  • dioecious: separate make and female and female cones.
  • used as herbal medicine for improved memory. seeds are given at chinese weddings.
37
Q

gymnosperms: gnetophytes

A

-small but diverse group including ephedra, gnetum, and welwitschia
- have male and female ovulate cones

38
Q

gymnosperms: conifers

A
  • dominant trees of northern forests
  • source of lumber, paper pulp, rosin and turpentine
  • most massive tree: giant sequoia
  • oldest tree: bristlecone pine ( more than 4000 years old)
  • intolerant of shade
39
Q

gymnosperms conifers:
picea vs abies

A
  • picea cones point down
  • abies cones point up
40
Q

major characteristics of angiosperms:

A
  • flowers and fruit plants
  • vascular
  • diploid dominant
    -seeds
  • spores of two types
  • make up the majority of land plants
41
Q

why did natural selection favor the dominance of the diploid sporophyte over the gametophyte?

A
  • easier to obtain diversity with two copies of genes.

plant science (4 decks)

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