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plant science > chapter 3 - plant structures > Flashcards

chapter 3 - plant structures Flashcards

1
Q

Plant tissues

A
  • meristems
  • apical meristems
  • lateral meristems
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2
Q

Meristems

A

dividing cells giving rise to various tissues
- actively dividing
- asexually giving rise to cells

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3
Q

Apical meristems

A
  • produce primary tissue or primary growth
  • growth in length
  • give rise to dermal (single layer), ground, and vascular tissue
  • vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
  • on apex and tips
  • only growth seen in herbaceous plants
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4
Q

Lateral meristems

A
  • produce secondary tissue or secondary growth
  • growth in width or girth
  • gives rise to cork cambium and vascular cambium
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5
Q

Cork cambium

A
  • grows from lateral meristems
  • secondary growth
  • forms the periderm
  • seen in all plants
  • in woody plants produces cork cells to the outside
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6
Q

Vascular cambium

A
  • secondary growth
  • grows from lateral meristems
  • forms secondary xylem and phloem
  • seen in woody plants
  • xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside
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7
Q

Dermal tissue

A
  • gives rise to the epidermis of plants
  • epidermis is covered by the cuticle (above ground)
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8
Q

Dermal tissue characteristics

A
  • contains trichomes: hairlike extensions of epidermal cells
  • contains stomates with guard cells
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9
Q

What is the function of trichomes on the epidermis

A
  • increase surface area in the roots to increase moisture absorption
  • above ground: help w water loss and help block the breeze for moisture loss
  • help keep moisture on plant surface
  • help prevent excess water loss when stomates are open
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10
Q

What is the function of stomates with guard cells in the epidermis

A
  • gas exchange
  • allows CO2 in
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11
Q

Dermal tissue secondary growth

A
  • called periderm and includes cork cells
  • forms outer cork cells that create cork ridges
  • pealing is caused by old cork getting separated as the stem gets bigger
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12
Q

Characteristics of cork

A
  • malleable
  • airtight seal
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13
Q

Cork Cambium

A
  • needed to produce more cork cells bc it provides a line of defense from animals and fires (ground or grass)
  • can help prevent moisture loss
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14
Q

What are annual rings

A
  • new cork ring produced every year as the stem gets bigger
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15
Q

Ground tissue

A
  • from apical meristems
  • bulk of tissue in herbaceous plants
  • gives rise to parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
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16
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • type of ground tissue (apical)
  • relatively thin-walled cells
  • function in basic metabolism
  • storage of starch
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17
Q

Collenchyma

A
  • unevenly thickened walls of cellulose and pectin
  • non-lignified (more flexible support)
  • function in providing support for herbaceous plants
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18
Q

Sclerenchyma

A
  • non-living at maturity
  • evenly-thickened walls
  • lignified (more rigid support)
  • makes up seed coat
  • functions in providing support for herbaceous plants
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19
Q

Vascular tissue

A
  • conducting tissue
  • xylem (primary)
  • phloem (primary)
20
Q

Conducting tissue

A
  • type of vascular tissue
  • bulk of tissue in woody plants
  • xylem and phloem
21
Q

Xylem

A
  • non-living at maturity
  • becomes a hollow tube that transports water from the roots up the plant
  • contains tracheids and vessel elements
  • lignified
  • appear white in microscopes bc they are hollow
22
Q

Tracheids

A
  • longer, narrower
  • more specialized for water movement
  • found in all plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
23
Q

Vessel elements

A
  • shorter, wider
  • only seen in angiosperms NOT in gymnosperms
24
Q

Phloem

A
  • living at maturity
  • functions in movement of carbs (mainly sucrose) produced by photosynthesis
  • made of sieve members and companion cells
  • non-lignified
25
Q

Sieve members

A
  • part of phloem
  • form a hollow lumen used for the passage of carbs
  • living but contain few organelles
  • have a companion cell next to it
26
Q

Companion cells

A
  • part of phloem
  • next to sieve members
  • living
  • do metabolism for the sieve cells
  • 1:1 ration
27
Q

How do the conducting cells of xylem differ from sieve tube members and companion cells in phloem?

A

xylem: dead to function, transport water and minerals
phloem: living to function, transport carbs/sucrose

28
Q

Stems

A
  • support leaves for photosynthesis
  • in herbaceous plants bulk tissue of stem is ground tissue
  • in woody plants bulk tissue of stem is secondary vascular tissue
  • surrounded by epidermis
29
Q

herbaceous monocot stem

A
  • no pith
  • vascular bundles of primary xylem and phloem are scattered
  • rest of cells are ground tissue mainly parenchyma
30
Q

woody dicot stem

A
  • has a pith
  • primary vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
  • rest of cells are ground tissue mainly parenchyma
31
Q

Woody Stems

A
  • contain vascular cambium
  • contain secondary xylem and phloem
  • contain cork cambium
  • contain bark
32
Q

Vascular cambium in woody stems

A
  • the inner lateral meristem
  • produced secondary xylem to inside, secondary phloem to outside, and vascular rays (parenchyma cells) in both directions
33
Q

Vascular rays

A
  • made from vascular cambium
  • produced in both directions
  • made of parenchyma cells
  • needed for lateral movement
  • transport phloem contents to make cell walls
34
Q

Secondary xylem

A
  • forms annual rings made of springwood and summerwood
35
Q

Cork cambium in woody stems

A
  • the other lateral meristem
  • produces periderm (corky, outer layer)
  • feed for horses
36
Q

Bark

A
  • secondary phloem, cork cambium, and periderm
  • anything OUTSIDE of the vascular cambium
37
Q

Dendrochronology

A
  • study of tree rings
  • in drought rings are narrow
  • in wetter climate rings are longer-wider
  • used to study time and climate
38
Q

Roots

A
  • longitudinal section: root cap, zone of division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation
39
Q

Zone of division

A
  • cells divide
  • cells are squared shape
40
Q

Zone of elongation

A
  • cells are elongated in a certain direction
  • direction of elongation is dependent on cellulose microfibrils
41
Q

Leaf internal anatomy

A
  • mesophyll: packed with chloroplast for photosynthesis
  • palisade mesophyll
  • spongy mesophyll -
42
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A
  • tightly packed with chloroplast
  • light dependent steps of photosynthesis occur here
  • tightly packed and organized
  • right below upper epidermis
  • right above spongy mesophyll
43
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A
  • less packed to allow for gas exchange
  • light independent steps of photosynthesis occur here
  • right above lower epidermis
  • right below palisade mesophyll
44
Q

Lower epidermis

A
  • where stomates are
  • away from sunlight to prevent evaporation of water
45
Q

Carnivorous plants

A
  • typically found in bogs
  • bc of acidity of bog plant can’t absorb mineral from soil
  • eat ‘flesh’ or insects to getting minerals and nutrients that they cannot get from the soil
46
Q

apical meristems

A

give rise to: primary growth
- dermal tissue: epidermis
- ground tissue: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
- vascular tissue: primary xylem and phloem

47
Q

lateral meristems

A

give rise to: secondary growth
- cork cambium: periderm
- vascular cambium: secondary xylem and phloem

plant science (4 decks)

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